Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/62

MOSCOW. The population was 753,409 in 1882, and 977,- 2G9 in 1897. A very large percentage is made up of persons born outside of -Moscow. The pre- dominance of males is very marked (about 131 to 100 in 1897 ) . About 50 per cent, of the popu- lation belong to the lu'asantry. The tireek Orthodox inhabitants constitute 94 per cent, of the total population of iloscow, as compared with 84 per cent, in Saint Petersburg. The environs of the city are replete with historical interest, and contain many estates of the old nobility and roval favorites, among which may be mentioned the" Pelrovsko-Kazyniovskoie, with its extensive park and academy of agriculture. There are also many large parks and groves, where the masses amuse themselves on holidays. History. The site of the city was probably inhabited long before the twelfth century, but the first mention of Moscow dates from 1147, wlien it was the estate of the Suzdal Prince Yuri Dolgorviki. The city began to rise with the Principalitv of Moscow under Daniel, the son of Alexander Xevski. in Hie thirteenth century, and especially under Ivan Kalita (1328- 40). who with the aid of the Mongols succeeded in annexing nianv of the minor principalities to Moscow, and greatly eiiiliellislied the capital. About this time the Metropolitan Peter trans- ferred his seat to Moscow, thereby laying the foundation of its future position as the religious capital of Russia. With the union of the Russian principalities under Ivan III. (1462-1505) Mos- cow became the capital of Russia and began to assume the proportions and appearance of a large citv. It was surrounded by stone walls, and architects from f<ireign countries were sum- moned to build its churches and palaces. But the growth of the citv was not infrequently inter- rupted bv the invasions of the Tatars, repeated eonllagrations. and pests. It also suffered from the internal dissensions and revolts during the seventeenth eenturv. notably the Polish occu- pation in 1I!10I2. the revolt of the people against the corrupt favorites of the Czar, the riots followini.' the introduction of religious re- forms by Nikon, and the rise of the StreUst (q.v.) against the reforms of Peter the Great. Peter found Moscow, the bulwark of Rus- sian orthodoxy, extremely unfavorable for the introduction "of his reforms, and transferred the Court to Saint Petersburg. In the eighteenth century the city was visiteil by a number of djs- astrons conflagrations and the (ilaguc of 1771. On September 14. 1812. Moscow, almost entirely deserted and with its treasures and archives removed to Vladimir, was occupied hy the army of Xapolcon. seven davs after his disastrous vic- torv at Horodino (q.v.). On the following day the" Emperor made his entry into the city. On the night of the 15th to the 10th. in accordance with a prearranged plan, fires were started in several parts of the city, and soon the entire place was in tlanies. so that, on Septiiiiber C>. Napo- leon was compelled to remove his heaihpiarters from the Kremlin. The churches and palaces were meanwhile abandoned to the depredations of the invaders and the criminal classes, the jails hav- ing been thrown open by the order of the Oov- ernor. On October 19th" the French began their fatal retreat from the city. On May IS. 1890, Moscow was the scene of a fearful disaster, brought about by the distribution of gifts at a popular festival "arranged in honor of the coro- 48 MOSEILIMA. nation of Nicholas II. Over 2000 people were crushed to death and many more wounded. Con- sult: Fabricius, Le Kremlin ilc Mascuu (Moscow, 1883) ; Zabel, Moskaii (Leipzig, 1902) ; Sabjelin, llisldry of Moscow (in Russian, Moscow, 1902). MOSCOW. A town and the county-seat of LaUili County, Idaho, 94 miles south-southeast of Spokane. Wa'sh., on the Northern Pacitic and the Union Pacific railroads (Map: Idaho, A 2). It is the seat of the I'niversity of Idaho (q.v.) with the State Agricultural C.dlege. Mining, farming, fruit-growing, stock-raising, and lumbering arc the leading industries, and there are some manu- factures. Population, in 1900, 2484. MOSCOW, IMvERsiTY OF. The oldest and hirgot institution of higher learning in Russia, organized in 1755. At its inception it consisted of three faculties — law, medicine, and philo.so|)liy — with a total slatl' of ten professors, mostly brought from Western Europe. The curriculum was very limited in its scojie until 1807. when it was "reorganized by Alexander I. At the burning of Jloscow in 1812 the university build- ings were destroyed. The most valuable collec- tions, however, had been previously removed. In- struction, susiiendeii for a while, was resumed in 1813, and new Iniildiiigs were erected in 1816-19. In 1835 the number of chairs was increased to thirty-five and a uniform four years' course es- tablished for all departments. In 1841 the iledico-Surgical Academy was united with the Universitv. The liberal University Act of 1863 gave the jirofessors and students ;i certain amount of self-government which was abcdished during the reactionary regime of .Mexander 111. in 1884. In 1902 Moscow Inivcrsitv consisted of the follow- ing faculties.: (1) Medicine. (2) law. (3) physi- cal and natural sciences. (4) historico-philologi- cal faculties. It otl'ers four-year courses leading to the degree of Candidate. In the medical school, however, the course covers five years, the regular degree being 'physician:' the degrees of JIaster, Doctor of the various sciences, and M.D. arc con- ferred for special investigation. The university library contains 271.926 volumes and 23,239 pampiilets. The deiiartmental libraries, labora- tories, observatory, museums, etc., number alto- gether 33. The" medical department has 14 "special clinics and hospitals. The teaching staff consists of 27 emeritus. 44 ordinary, and 20 ex- traordinary professors. 175 privat-docents. and 11 instructors. The number of students in 1902 was 4091. of whom 363 took the historico-philologieal, 321 the mathematic:il. 683 the natural science. 1073 the hiw. and 1100 the meilical course. The ex))eiiditures of the university amiiunt to about .$830,000. As the majority of the student-s come from the poorer classes, the number of scholar- ships is very large, the number in 1902 reaching as high as 645. The university is under direct supervision of the Minister of Public Instruction, who appoints the rector. There is a university council, but its powers are very limited. MOSErLIMA, niAsi'l.'-mA (.r. Muanilimah. frimi the loiipir name Miisliiiuih. from snlinin. to lie safe). One of the most important of the rival jiroiihets who came forwaril in Arabia when Mohammed had stirred the religious tlinught of the people. He belonged to the tribe of the Hem Henifah. of Yamama in Nejd. The traditions abciut his life and age are extremely contradictory and legendary. It appears, however, tolerably