NORFOLK. 602 NOEMA. NORFOLK. The second largest city of Vir- ginia, i.nil a port of entry, in Norfolk County, 8S miles in a direct line, and IIU by water, south- east of Kicliniond; on the Klizabeth Kiver, an arm of Chesapeake Bay, opposite Portsmouth and Berkley, the three cities practically forming' one municipality, having a population, within a radius of three miles, of more than 115,000 (Map: Virginia, Ho). Norfolk is the terminus of nmny steamship lines, including transatlantic, coastwise, and interior lines, the Albemarle and Chesapeake and the Dismal Swamp canals afford- ing additional means of comnumication with in- land towns. The railroad facilities comprise the Atlantic Coast Line, the Seaboard Air Line, the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Norfolk and Western, the Norfolk and Southern, the New York, Phila- <lel|)hia and Norfolk, and the Southern. Nor- folk has an area of about 3% square miles, and is irregularly laid out on level ground. The more prominent l)uildings include the custom-house, the city hall. Saint Vincent's Hospital, the Nor- folk Protestant Hospital, the post-ollice. and the Citizens' Bank. Saint Paul's Church is of his- toric interest, having been built in 1737. The city maintains a public library ( 10,500 volumes), and has several private secondary schools, among which is the Norfolk Mission College (United Presbyterian), an institution for colored stu- dents. There is a public park of 95 acres. The Korfolk Na-j' Yard is at Portsmouth (q.v. ). Norfolk is one of the most important Southern ports, its excellent transportation facilities con- tributing largely to its commercial prominence. The harbor is commodious, accessible for the largest .ships, has a channel 30 feet deep, and is well protected, the defenses including Fort Iklonroe (q.v.). Norfolk and Portsmouth to- gether constitute a Federal customs district, the foreign trade of which in 1001 comprised ex- ports valued at .$10,308,000 and imports aggre- gating $51)4.000. The commerce of the port is principally in hunber. coal, grain, cotton, pea- nuts, oysters, vegetables, and fruit. One of the largest coaling stations in the world is here — Lambert's Point coal piers, which handle an- nually some 2.500.000 tons. Norfolk is develop- ing rapidly also as an industrial centre, a num- ber of large plants having been established since 1000. when its manufactures, according to the census, represented capital to the amount of .$(1.425,000. and had a production valiU'd at .*n,3<17.- 000. a notable gain in output over that of 18110 (.$5,100,000). The most important industrial es- tablishments are fertilizer works, hnuber mills, hosiery and knitting mills, cotton ami silk mills, oil mills, carriage and wagon shops, foundries and machine shops, a steel shutter and blind mantifnctory, ship and boat building yanls, creo- soting works, agricultural implement works, to- bacco and cigar factories, a large pickling cstah- lishment, etc. Under the charter of 1884, as subsequently amended, the government is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a coun- cil consisting of two bodies, the members of the select council being chosen by all the councilmcn from among their own number. The council con- trols appointments of all administrative ofTu'crs, <"xcepting those elected by popular vote — school trustees, treasurer, attorney, street inspector, ronuni^sioner of revenue, collector of taxes, health olTic.r .nnd minor officials. Norfolk spmds annually in maintenance and operation about $845,000, the principal items being: for interest on debt, $250,000; for streets, $80,000,: for water, $05,000; for the police department, $00,000: for schools, $00,000; for the fire department, $45,- 000. There are municipal water-works, bviilt in 1S72, and acquired by the city in the following year; the .system cost $1,235,000 and has al>out 50 miles of mains. Population, in ISliO, 14,020; in 1880, 21,900; in 1S90, 34.871; in UU)0, 40.024. Organized as a town in 1082, Norfolk was in- corporated as a borough in 1730, and was char- tered as a city in 1845. On January 1, 1770, it was bombarded and set on tire by the Englisli un- der Lord Dunmore, and nine-tenths of tlie build- ings were destroyed. In 1855 the city sulVered seerely from the ravages of yellow fever. In April, 1801. Cieneral Taliaferro, at the head of a body of Virginia troops, entered the city, and soon afterwards the navy yard was tired b.v or- derof the Federal commandant, but comparatively little damage was done. Until May, 1802, when the Federal forces took possession, the city was the chief naval station of the Confederacy. Consilt: Forrest. Ilistorical aitd Dcscriplirc Sketches of Norfollc and Vicinitu (Philadelphia, 1853) ; Bur- ton, 2'hc History of yorfolk. Virginia (Norfolk, 1877) ; Lamb, Our Ticin Cities of the yinctccnth Centura (ib,, 1887-88). NORFOLK, DcKES of. See Howard. NORFOLK ISLAND. An isolated island in the Paeilic Ocean. 500 miles northwest of New Zealand, and 1200 miles northeast of Svdncv : latitude 29° 3' S., longitude 107° 58' E. "(Map: .ustralasia, J 5). Its area is 10 sqiuire mih-s. The coasts are high and steep, and the interior is moimtainous, rising in Mount Pitt to a height of 1040 feet. In its forests the most conspicuous tree is the magnificent Norfolk Island pine {Araucaria exeelsa). The soil is fertile and the climate is healthful. The inlialiit;ints in 1001 numbered 870, most of whom are the descendants of the mutineers of the Bount/i. who in 1850 were transferred hither by the British Government from Pitcairn Island (q.v.). Others are ])upil3 in the ^lelanesian mission school established here. The island is governed by a resident magistrate and council under the administration of New South Wales. It was discovered by Cook in 1774, and was used by New South Wales as a jienal settlenii'ut do"n to 1851, NORFOLK ISLAND PINE. See Arau- CAIilA. NORFOLK SPANIEL. See Spaniel. NOR'ICUM. A province of the Roman Em- pire. c<jrresponding to Styria. Carinthia. ])arts of Upjjer and Lower .ustri:i and Bavaria, and Siilz- burg. It was bounded on tlie north bv the Dan- ube, on the east and south bv Panimnia; also south bv Illvricum and Cisalpine flaul : on the west by Phietia. The region is mountainous, the Noric Alps stretching through the centre of the ]irov!nce: the chief rivers were the (Fnus (mod- ern Inn). Dravus (Drave). and Murius (Mur). The chief town was Noreia. mentioned by Ca-sar in his Commentaries. The province wa» subdued by the generals of Augustus (c.1.1. n.c) , The Romans obtained iron and salt from the region, and, it is said, gold, NOR'MA, .
o)wra bv Bellini (q.v.). pro-
duced at l.n Seala, Milan "( 18.32) . The libretto
