penditure found among the North Central States and a figure exceeded in but few States. Under the enabling act admitting the State of North Dakota to the Union, the 16th and 36th sections of every township were granted for the maintenance of the common schools. The State thus acquired about 2,300,000 acres. In 1900 North Dakota had 27 public high schools with a total attendance of 1130. Normal education is provided by two public schools (at Mayville and Valley City) and one private normal school. The institutions for higher education are the University of North Dakota, at Grand Forks; Fargo College (Cong.), at Fargo; Red River Valley University (M. E.), at Wahpeton; and the Agricultural College, at Fargo.
Charitable and Penal Institutions. The State maintains a school for the deaf at Devil's Lake, an asylum for the insane and a school for the feeble-minded, both at Jamestown, and a soldiers' home at Lisbon. The State penitentiary is located at Bismarck.
History. The whole territory of Dakota was a part of the Louisiana Purchase, and was for a long time unorganized. Lewis and Clark in their expedition of 1804-06 spent the first winter near Mandan. British subjects had posts for the fur trade within the territory, and Lord Selkirk, considering it British territory, built a fort near Pembina in 1810. Previously, about 1780, French Canadians had settled at this place. Frémont in 1839) explored much of the country, and Lieutenant Warner in 1855 made a report on the region for the Government. The Sioux Indians in 1851 ceded a portion of their lands to the Government and they were opened for settlement. The part east of the Missouri River was first attached to the Territory of Minnesota in 1849. The part west, together with much of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana, became part of Nebraska Territory in 1854. On March 2, 1861, the Territory of Dakota was organized.
The Indians were hostile and population was sparse until after 1866. With the growth of population came agitation for Statehood, and the Territory was divided into two (see South Dakota), and on February 22, 1889, Congress authorized the calling of conventions to form constitutions. The convention for North Dakota met at Bismarck July 4, and formed a constitution. It was ratified in October, together with a prohibition article which was submitted separately. On November 2d President Harrison declared the State admitted. Politically the State has been Republican from its admission, with the exception of one election (1892), when a fusion of the Farmers' Alliance with the Democrats gave them control.
| GOVERNORS OF NORTH DAKOTA | ||
| John Miller | Republican | 1889-91 |
| Andrew H. Burke | “ | 1891-93 |
| E. C. D. Shortridge | Democratic-Independent | 1893-95 |
| Roger Allin | Republican | 1895-97 |
| Frank A. Briggs | “ | 1897-99 |
| Frederic B. Fancher | “ | 1899-1901 |
| Frank White | “ | 1901 — |
Consult: the report by the Commissioner of Immigration; Hagerty, The State of North Dakota: An Official Statistical, Historical, and Political Abstract (Aberdeen, S. D., 1889); Beadle, Dakota (Saint Paul, 1889).
NORTH DAKOTA, University of. A co-educational State institution at Grand Forks, N. D., established in 1883. By the enabling act of Congress under which the State was admitted, the university received a grant of 86,080 acres of land, and the School of Mines, a grant of 40,000 acres. The university comprises a college of arts, a normal college, and departments of law, mining engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering, military science, and pharmacy, together with a preparatory department. In 1902 it had 500 students, 35 instructors, and a library containing 10,000 volumes. The college property was valued at $2,500,000, including a campus of 80 acres, valued with the college buildings at $350,000, and the income was $80,000. University extension work is carried on by means of lectures given in different parts of the State.
NORTH DOWNS. A ridge of hills in England. See under Downs.
NORTHEAST BOUNDARY DISPUTE. In American history, the name applied to the long-standing dispute between the United States and Great Britain concerning the northeastern boundary of the United States. The controversy grew out of a difference in interpretation of the second article of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which undertook to define the boundaries between the United States and Canada. In this article the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick was described as the Saint Croix River, and it was soon found to be a difficult matter to determine what was the Saint Croix River. Complaints were made that the British were encroaching upon American territory, and collision between the Americans and the English intruders gave forebodings of international trouble. In 1794 John Jay was charged, among other things, with the settlement of the dispute. The only thing he accomplished in this connection was the securing of a provision in the treaty negotiated by him (see Jay Treaty) for the appointment of three commissioners to determine the Saint Croix River. The commissioners met at Halifax in March, 1798, and determined the Saint Croix River, but left unsettled the place of its source. A new difficulty arose over the ownership of the Passamaquoddy Bay Islands, which lie near the mouth of the Saint Croix River. No settlement could be reached on this point until 1814, when an article was incorporated in the Treaty of Ghent for the appointment of a contmission to bring about some adjustment. By a decision of the commission rendered in 1817, Moose, Dudley, and Frederick islands were awarded to the United States, the others to Great Britain.
Still another disputed point was the determination of the boundary line from the source of the Saint Croix to the highlands which separate the waters flowing into the Saint Lawrence from those which make their way into the Atlantic Ocean. Various efforts were made by the two governments to reach an agreement on this point, and provisions for this purpose were made in treaties both in 1803 and in 1807, but neither treaty was ever ratified. Finally the Treaty of Ghent provided for the appointment of a commission to settle the dispute, with the reservation that if an agreement could not be reached the disputed question should be referred to the arbitration of a friendly sovereign. The chief task of the commissioners was the determination of the ‘northwest angle of Nova Scotia’ mentioned in the treaty and the ‘northwesternmost head of
