Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/786

NOTES. 670 NUBAR PASHA. NOTES, Hexby Drlry (1832—). An Ameri- can ophthalmologist. He was born in Xc«- York City; graduated from Xew York University in 1851, and from the College of Physieiaus and Surgeons in 185'J; and in 180G beeanie professor of otology and opiithalmology in tiie Bellevue Hospital Medieal College. Dr. Noyes was one of the founders of the American Ophtlialmological Society. He introduced into the United States the use of cocaine as a local anicsthetic. Among his works are .1 Treatise on Diseases of the Ei/e (1881) and .1 Text-Book on Diseases of the Eye (18yo. and after). NOTES, .loiix UuMPiiRET (1811-8G). The founder of Uneida Community (q.v. ). He was born September ti, 1811, at Brattleboro, Vt.; studied theology at Aiidover and Y'ale, and l)e- came a Congregational minister. In 1834 lie founded the sect known as Perfectionists or Bible Communists at his parents' liome, Putney, Vt. He married one of liis converts, and thus secured the means to establisli a community in which all things were held in common. Religious rites were given up and "couiplcx marriage' supijlaiucd monogamy. Xoyes sought to introduce what he believed to be the communism of the early Church. Internal dissensions and e.Kternal oppo- sition dissolved the commimity, but about ITiO of the members so<m assembled again at Oneida, N. Y. Noyes remained the leader of the society until the latter |)art of the seventies, when he was obliged to llee to Canada to escape prosecu- tion because of his marriage system. He died in Canada, April 13. 1880. He wrote: The Bt lean (1847 1; liihir Commuiiism (1848); Bistoi'D of American Soeialism (1870). NOTES, ViLi.i.M Ax-BEBT (1857—). An American chemist, born near Independence, Iowa. He received his education at Iowa College, and then studied chemistry at the .lohiis Hopkins University in Haltimore. From 1883 to 1880 he was professor of chemistry at the University of Tennessee, and in 188G was appointed to a similar post at the Rose Polytechnic Institute, at Terre Haute, Ind. He wrote Organic Chemixtry for the Laborator;/ (1807) and Qualitatice Analysis (1898), and carried out a number of researches in organic chemistry, the most important of which have served to throw much light on the constitution of camphor and allied compounds. NOTES, William CfRTi.s (180.-.-B4), An American lawyer, born at Schodack, Rensselaer County, N. Y. He began to practice law in 1827. in Oneida County, where he quickly took high rank. He removed to Xew Y'ork in 1S38. im- mediately took a i)lace among the eminent lawyers, and in 1857 was appointed, with A. W. Bradford and David Dudley Field, to codify the laws of the State. In politics he was at first an anti-slavery Whig, and afterwards joined the Republican Party. In ISfil he was a member of the Peace Conference. He bequeathed a valuable law library to Hamilton College. NOTON. nwii'yoN'. A town in the Depart- ment of Oise. France, on the Verse. 07 miles by rail northeast of Paris (Map: France, .T 21. Its cnthedral. founded by Pepin the Short and rebuilt in 1150, is interesting for its transitional phases from Romanesque to Oothic. The principal in- dustries are sugar refining and the manufacture of cloth, laces, leather, and chemicals. Popula- tion, in 1901, 7443. Xoyon, ancient Noviodunum ^'eromanduorum, was prominent in Merovingian and Carolingian times. John Calvin was born at Xoyon. NOZZE ALDOBRANDINI, ni'tsu Uldfi- bran-de'ne (It.. Aldobrandini Marriage). One of the finest ancient pictures extant, preserved in the Vatican Library. It is a mural painting, copied from a fine tireek original. an<l was found in 1000 near the Arch of Gallienus. It was first owned by Cardinal Aldobrandini, after whom it is named. The painting represents the prepara- tions for a wedding, and is soft and harmonious in coloring, though of only average technical ex- ecution. NOZZE DI FIGARO, de fe'gi-ro, Le (It, ilarriage of Figaro). An oiiera, the music by ilozart (1780), and words adapted by Da Ponte from Beaumarchais's ilariagc ile Figaro. NU, nix), or NXTU, nijo (later form X'Cn). An Egyptian deity personifying the primeval waters whence the suugod KO emerged to govern the world. Xu was regarded as the father of all the gods and the ultimate source of all created things. In a later phase of Egyjilian theology, he was considered to represent, along with his spouse Xilt, the waters of the X'ile. This X'ftt, whose name is merely the feminine of Xd, must not be confounded with Xilt (q.v.), the goddess of the sky. Consult: Wiedemann, Rcliyiun of the Ancient Egyptians (Xew Y'ork, 1897) : Lepsius, Ceber die thitler der rier Ele- mente (Berlin, 1850); Brugsch. Religion tind MyO'oloqic der alten Aegypter (I^ipzig, 1888-90). NUANCES, ni.i'axs' ( Fr., sh.ides). In music, the various shadings and means of expression in the inti'rpretation of a composition. The term inclmles everything that enters into the finished rendering of a composition, such as acceleration or retarding of tempo, the degree of loudness of ditfereitt tones, the execution of embellishments, rhythmic accentuation, phrasing, etc. It is these nuances that constitute the individuality of the style of various interpreters. NUBA, noo'bi'i. A term brought into promi- nence in ethn()log' 1)V Friedrich Miiller in asso- ciation with Fulah in his Xuba-Fulali linguistic family. The X'ubas are true negroes, having their home in Kordofan, Eastern Sudan, whence they spread into Darfur and Wadai. They are classified as: (1) Xubas proper (iiba. Kargo, Kiilfan, Kolaji. Tumali) . living in Central and Southern Kordofan, Dar-Xuba (.rab. dar, land, and Suliii). and (2) X'ilotic Xubas, forming an important ingredient in the people of Xubia (q.v.). See Stanford, Africa, vol. i. (London, 1895); Miiller, Allgcmeine Ethnographic (Wien, 1879). NUBAR PASHA. niiolHir pAshJi' (1825-99). .ii Egyptian statesman, born in Smyrna and brought up as a Christian. He was educated in Europe, and, beginning with his early entry into the public service, constantly sought to introduce European culture and administrative methods into his native land, .fter having been sent on fre(|Uent diplomatic missions, he was appointed in 1854 .Ambassador at Vienna. The first I'.gyptian railway was built under his direction, and he concluded with the Powi-rs negotiations for the construction of the Suez Canal (1864). He was Minister of Koreii;n .Vllairs in lsr>7-74 and again in 1875 and 1870, and Premier in