Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/875

CESOPHAGUS. paroxysm, lasting only a few liours, or it may be more or less persistent for mouths or even years. The treatment must be directed to the establish- ment of the general licaltli. A temporary cure often follows the passage of a bougie. Puralysis of the asui)hti<ius is present in cer- tain forms of organic disease of the brain or spinal cord which are seldom amenable to treat- ment. In tliis affection there is inability to swallow, but no jiain or other symptom of spasm ; and a bougie may be passed without ob- struction. The patient must be fed bj- the stonuich-pump. I'criiKiiK lit or organic stricture of the ocsoph- ayiis may arise from inllammatory thickening and induration of its coats. The most common seat of this affection is at its upper i)art. The symptoms are persistent and gradually increasing difficult}' of swallowing, occasional!}' aggravated by spasm : and a bougie, when passed, always meets with resistance at t!ie same spot. When the contraction is due to inllammatory thicken- ing, it may arise from the abuse of alcoholic drinks or from swallowing boiling or corrosive fluids. If unrelieved, the disease nuist prove fatal, either by ulceration of the tube around the seat of the stricture, or by sheer starvation. When the affection is due to chronic inflamma- tory thickening, some advantage may be derived from dilatation by means of the (esopliageal bougie. If it is dependent upon malignant dis- ease, and the tissues liave become softened by the infiltration of the morbid deposit, the bougie must be directed with the greatest care through the stricture, as a false passage may be easily made into important adjacent cavities. Foreign hodics not very infrequently pass into the o-sophagus, and become impacted there, giv- ing rise to a sense of choking and fits of suffoca- tive cough, especially when they are seated in its upper part. If the body is small and sharp (a fish-bone, for example), it may often be got rid of by making the patient swallow a large mouth- ful of bread; if it is large and soft (such as too large a mouthful of meat), it may generally be pushed down into the stomach -with the probang; ■while large hard bodies (such as pieces of bone) should be brought up either by the action of an emetic or by long curved forceps. If the offend- ing body can neither be brought up nor pushed down, it must be extracted by the operation of cesojihagotomif — an operation which can only be performed when the impacted body is not very low down, and which it is unnecessary to descril)e in these pages. Rupture of the oesophagus has occurred from violent vomiting during a state of intoxication and following a heavy meal. It is a fatal, but exceedingly rare accident. CESOPHAGUS, Comparative Anatomy op THE. In lengtli, structure, and appearance in cross-section, there is the greatest variety in different groups of animals, and. indeed, an oesophagus may be entirely wanting, as, for ex- ample, in Hydra, where the mouth opens directly into tlip dic'pstive cavity. The ccelenterates are divided into two great classes according to the origin of the (esophagus; in one, the Hydrozoa, the oesophagus, when present, has arisen from the endoderni. while in the other, the Scyphozoa, it has been formed by an invagination of the ecto- derm. In all animals above coelenterates, where 745 OETINGER. a mouth is present, there is more or less of an oEsopliagus, but its appearance varies widely, with the form of the body. Long-necked animals have long uesophaguses as a rule, while in ani- mals with little or no neck the lesophagus may Ije very short. In mammals its upper part is closely associated with the pharynx, and its muscles are striated (voluntary) , but lower down the muscles are unstriated (involuntary). In birds the esophagus is very extensible and ca- pable of holding a considerable amount of food in storage, and this ability is greatly increased by the development of a special pouch or pair of pouches on the ventral side of its lower part, known as the "crop." This crop may be simply a sac for receiving the food or it may be an accessory digestive organ, the juices which it secretes serving to soften and macerate food stored in it. In pigeons during the breeding sea- son this secretion becomes veiy abundant and milky in character, and is regurgitated into the mouths of the young along with macerated grain. Such food is popularly called 'pigeon's milk.' Regurgitation is very easy for all birds and is liabitual with many as a means of defense, or (by lightening their weight) of escape. In both birds and mammals the a'sophagus is a musculo- membranous tube, made up of an outer layer of longitudinal (contractor) muscle-fibres, then a layer of circular (constrictor) muscle-fibres, then loose connective tissue containing a thin layer of longitudinal fibres, and finally the glandular mucous membrane, which forms a lining, and is generally folded and plaited, often papillose, un- less fully distended. OESTERLEY, e'ster-ll, Kabl Wiliielm (180.5-!11). A German historical painter, born at Giittingen, where he studied art-history at the university, before taking up painting in Dresden under Matthai. After a sojourn in Rome (1825- 29), he established himself as a lecturer at Giittingen, and in 1831 was appointed professor of art-history. He supplemented his studies in painting under Schadow at Diisseldorf (183.5-38), then in Munich, where he gave his attention to the frescoes of Cornelius, and 1842 in Paris. In 1845, he became Court painter at Hanover. His best works include: ".lephtha's Daughter" (1835); "Leonore with Her Mother" (1847), after Biirger's ballad; "ilemling Xursed by the Jsuns at Bruges" (1806), all in the Hanover Mu- seum. He also painted altarpieces and .several portraits, and in fresco an "Ascension" (1838), in the Royal Chapel, Hanover. With Otfried Miiller he edited at Gottingen Deiikmaler dcr alteuKunsf (1834-30). His son Karl (1830—), born at Gottingen, became a successful landscape painter. First instructed by his father, he studied afterwards under Bendeniann and Deger at the Diisseldorf Academy, but turned from religious subjects, which he essayed originally, to land- scape. His frequent study trips to Norway after 1870 resulted in the depiction of such scenes from those regions as "Raft Sound" (1870, Bres- lau Museum): "View on Salten Fjord" (1882, Hamburg Gallerv) : "Oldenvand on North Fjord" (188.5. National Gallery, Berlin): and "Romsdal Fjord" (1801. Leipzig, Museum) : all distinguished by loft}- conception, brilliant color- ing, and exquisite light effects. OETINGER, e'ting-i^r, FRiEnRicir Ciiristoph (1702-82). A German theologian. He was bom