Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/876

OETINGER. 746 OFFENBACH. at Guppingen, iu iiitleinbeig, and studied at the University of Ttibin;;on, where lie devoted himself to the pliilosopliy of Leibnitz and Wolf. He also became intimate with Bengel, Francke, Spangenberg, and Zinzendorf. After traveling extensively he was appointed reader of theology in the University of llalle. In 17^*5 he was ap- pointed pastor at Hirschau and became the leader of the Pietists in that part of Germany. About this time he became an earnest student of the writings of the mystic Bohme, and also an ardent disciple of Emanuel Swedenborg, some of whose writings he translated into German. In 17G5 he published a treatise entitled Earthly and Ueaitnlii I'hilosoplii/, which, with his translation of the works of Swedenborg, brought upon him the leprehension of his ecclesiastical superiors. Yet he was protected by the Duke of Wurttemberg, and was nominated to the superintendence of the churches in the district of Weinsbcrg, afterwards in that of Herrenberg. and subsequently appoint- ed prelate at JIurrhardt. His works, about sev- enty in number, were edited by Ehmann (11 vols., Stuttgart, 1858-63), and his autobiography by Hamberger (ib.. 184,5). Consult his Life by Ehmann (Stuttgart, 1859), and Auberlen, Die Theosophie F. C. Octingcrs nach ihrcii Grund- sUgeii (Tubingen, 1847). OETTINGEN, e'ting-cn, AlE-Xander von (1827—). A German theologian. He was born at Vissust, near Dorjiat, and studied at Erlangen, Bonn, and Berlin. From 1854 to 1801 he was professor of theologi,' at Dorpat. He iniblished, among many other theological treatises. Die Mor- alistilc und die chris-tliche mtti-nlehre (1808-74), which is his chief work; Wahre und falsche Ait- toritiit (1878) ; and Theorie vnd Praxis des Uei- ratens (1802). O'FAR'RELIi, JIiciiAEL .Tosepii (1832-94). A bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born at Limerick, Ireland, educated at the Missionary College of All Hallows, and proceeded to the Seminary of Saint Sulpice, I'aris. for his theological course. In 1855 he was ordained priest in Ireland. Intending to enter the Cana- dian mission, he return<'d to Saint Sulpice. but was retained at the institution for a year as professor of dogmatic theology, after which he went to Jlontrcal, serving first as a member of the faculty of the Grand Seminary, afterwards as priest at Saint Patrick's and Saint Bridget's. In 1800 he went to New York as assistant at Saint Peter's, Barclav Street. He became pastor of the church in Rondout, N. Y'., in 1872, but the following year returned to Saint Peter's as jiriest in charge. During his eight years' ])astorate he established a school whose attendance numbered 700. On November 1, 1881, he was consecrated bishop of the newly created diocese of Trenton, X, .1. OF'FA (?-796). A King of the l^Iercians in Anglo-Saxon England who succeeded the usurper Beornrird in 757. The kingdom was much weak- ened, and he probably spent the early years of his reign in restoring order at home. In 771 he began to conquer outlying territory: he defeated the Kentish forces in 775: and fought against the West Saxons (770) and the Welsh. (See Offa's Dvke.) OfTa had cordial relations with the Roman See: won from the Pope the grant of a Mercian archbishopric : and sent yearly to Rome for charities 365 mancuses (ap- parently the origin of 'Peter's Pence'), besides doing much for the beuelit of the Church at home. He carried on a correspondence with Charlemagne, and promoted trade between Eng- land and the Continent. OFFA'S DYKE. An ancient earthwork ex- tending along the whole border between England and Wales and attril)uted to Offa, King of jMercia. Portions of this rampart still stand to a considerable height, though much of it has been almost obliterated by time and the elements. This structure, which represents a vast amount of labor, seems to have been intended as a line of demarcation between the Anglo-Saxon and Celtic populations of England and Wales re- spectively. On the eastern or English side of Offa's Dyke at varying distances fiom it is an inferior earth ramjiart called Watt's Dyke, and it is conjectured that the space between them may have been a neutral zone for trading pur- poses. OFFENBACH, offcn-biiG. The capital of a circle in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Germany, on the ilain, four miles east of Frankfort (jlap: Germany, C 3). Its palace is the winter resi- dence of the Isenburg-Birstein family, to whom the old castle, now in ruins, also belongs. Several churches and a .Jewish synagogue are the only other edifices worthy of note. Offenbach is the principal manufacturing town in the griyid duchy, its chief manufactures being leather goods, engines, tobacco, textiles and knit wares, chemicals, soap, jewelrv, and carpets. Popula- tion, in 1800, 35,085; in 1000, 50.508. Offenbach was founded in the tenth century. In 1085 the Isenburg-Birstein family made it their residence. Its importance dates from the end of the seven- teenth century, when many French Protestants took refuge within its walls. In 1815 it wa3 united with the Grand Duchy of Hesse. OFFENBACH, .J.CQUE.s (1819-80). A French operetta coni])oscr, born at Cologne, of Jewish ])arentage. He went to France in 1833, and stu<lied the 'cello at the Paris Conservatoiy imder 'aslin. .fterwards he ])I:iyed that instrument in the orchestra of the Opera ComiqiU' and tlu'n be- came nuisic director at the Thf'atrc Frangais. While at the latter theatre he wrote the Chanson de Fortuniii for the Chiindelier of Musset. He became director of the Bouffes-Parisiens in 1855 and jjroduccd his operas there until 1800. after which date they were brought out at different houses. In 1870 he made an unprofitable tour in America, which he described in Xotefi d'iin musieirn en voi/iifie (1877). The libretto is an indisjiensable part of OfVenl)ach's o])erettas. In the witty words and doubtful, if amusing, situa- tions of ISIeilhac and Halfi- lay the opportuni- ties for his own best Inimor and most ironical caricature. For the rest his merry music, natural verve and extravagance, and the alllucnce of his ideas, nuide his operettas the highest form of the genre he ereateil. and of which he remains the im- ilispnted master. He died in Paris. His works in- clude: l.cs deux necunles (1855): Lr violoneux (1S55): Le /iiHincicr el Ic sareticr (1850); Croiiuefer ou Ic dernier des paladins (1857) ; Le niariar/e aiix lanternes (1857) ; Im challe mita- morphosec en feiiime (1858) ; Orphfe aiix cnfers (1858); Daphnis et Vhloi (1800): liarkouf (1800) ; Monsieur et Madame Denis (1802) ; La belle HeU>ue (1804); Uarbe-Iileue (1800); La