PEN′NACOOK (nut place, or crooked place). A confederacy of Algonquian tribes formerly occupying the Merrimac River basin and adjacent region in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and southern Maine. They occupied a middle ground between the Southern New England tribes, with whom the English had dealing, and the Abnaki and others of the north, who were under French influence. Their early treaties were with the English, but their later alliances were with the French. The capital of the confederacy and the residence of the head chief, Passaconaray, was at Amoskeag, the present Manchester, New Hampshire. Wamesit village, with Pawtucket Falls, was the great rendezvous during the fishing season. When first known to the English they were estimated at 3000, which was probably below their real number, under the rule of the noted chief and medicine man, Passaconaway. He was friendly to the whites and invited the English to settle upon the Merrimac. Before his death, about 1669, he saw almost his whole country in the hands of the whites and was himself obliged to petition for enough ground to live upon. In the mean time his people had been reduced by smallpox and other introduced diseases to about 1200. On the outbreak of King Philip's War in 1675, one or two of the Pennacook bands joined the hostile Indians, but the greater portion, under Wanalancet, the son of Passaconaway, remained on friendly terms with the English until, angered by the treacherous seizure of a number of their people, they abandoned their country and fled, part to the French in Canada, others to the Mohican on the Hudson. Those who removed to Canada were finally settled at Saint Francis, Quebec Province.
PENNAMITE-YANKEE WAR. See Wyoming Valley.
PENNANT (variant of pennon, with excrescent t, possibly associated by popular etymology with pendant, from OF., Fr. pennon, sort of flag, augmentative of OF. penne, from Lat. penna, feather, wing). A narrow flag or streamer tapering from the “hoist” to the “fly” or tip. In the signal codes pennants are two to five times as long as they are wide. The old commodores' ‘broad pennant’ was a ‘swallow-tail' flag. The pennant of the ‘senior officer present' is blue and nearly equilateral. The narrow pennant worn by all vessels commissioned in the Government service is carried at the main and signifies that she is of a public character. See Colored Plates of Flags of the United States, and International Signal Code with the article Signals, Marine.
PEN′NANT, Thomas (1726-98). A British naturalist, born at Downing, near Holywell, in Flintshire, and educated at Queen's College, Oxford. In 1754 he visited Ireland, and about this time began those tours of the British Islands, the published accounts of which contributed greatly to his reputation. In 1761 he began his British Zoölogy, the first part of which was published five years later. This work and his History of Quadrupeds (1781) were long held in the highest esteem by scientists. Among his other writings are: Tour in Scotland (1771); Tours in Wales (1810); Arctic Zoölogy (1784-87); and Outlines of the Globe (1798-1800). Consult: The Literary Life of the Late Thomas Pennant, Esq., By Himself (London, 1793); Parkins, Memoir, in Rhys's edition of the Tours in Wales (1883); and Jardine, Memoir, in “The Naturalist's Library,” vol. xv.
PENNANT'S MARTEN. See Fisher.
PENNANT-WINGED NIGHTJAR. A nightjar (Macrodipteryx vexillarius) of equatorial Africa, in which one of the quill feathers in each wing is greatly elongated and has a vane only near the end. The bird is rare and little known; but has been observed in the daytime seated upon the ground with the two modified wing-feathers held perfectly erect, their feathery tips fluttering among the grass heads, from which they were scarcely to be distinguished. Compare Standardwing.
PENN COLLEGE. A coeducational Friends' college at Oskaloosa, Iowa, founded in 1873, and comprising collegiate and preparatory courses, with departments of biblical instruction and a summer school. It had in 1902 an attendance of 242 collegiate and 124 preparatory students, 15 instructors, and a library of 6000 volumes. The college property was valued at $200,000, and the grounds and buildings at $150,000. The endowment was $100,000, with an income of $15,000.
PENNELL, pĕn′el, Joseph (1860—). An American etcher, illustrator, and author, born in Philadelphia. He was a pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Arts. He showed the picturesque possibilities of old Philadelphia in a series of clever etchings, and also executed many Italian and several English subjects, such as the “Thames Embankment,” and the “Nelson Monument.” He is one of the best of American etchers. His work is clean, strong, and intelligent, and is characterized by sharp contrasts of light and shade. He received honorable mentions and medals at Paris, Philadelphia, and Chicago, and a first class gold medal at the Paris Exposition of 1900. Some of the books which he illustrated, and the text for which usually was prepared by his wife, Elizabeth Robins Pennell, include A Canterbury Pilgrimage (1885); An Italian Pilgrimage (1886); Our Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1888); Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen (1889); Our Journey to the Hebrides (1889); To Gypsy Land (1893); Modern Illustration (1895); The Illustration of Books (1896); and The Alhambra (1896).
PENNI, pĕn′ē̇, Gianfrancesco, called ‘Il Fattore’ (c.1488-c.1528). An Italian painter, born in Florence. He was one of the favorite pupils and a friend of Raphael, and with Giulio Romano was his legatee and artistic executor. He painted from Raphael's designs in the Loggia of the Farnesina, and the Vatican, completed the “Coronation of the Virgin” for Monteluce, and copied the “Transfiguration” and the “Entombment.” Besides these paintings he is said to have worked on the cartoons, and to have executed the “Visitation” in the Madrid Museum, and the “Madonna del Passeggio,” in the Bridgewater Gallery, after Raphael's designs. His original work is of little importance.
PENNINE ALPS. See Alps.
PENNINE CHAIN. A range of hills in Northern England. See Great Britain.
PENNSYLVA′NIA (from Penn + Neo-Lat. sylvania, woodland, from Lat. silvanus, sylvanus, relating to a forest, from silva, sylva, wood, forest; named in honor of William Penn). A North
