Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/482

SAINTE GENEVIEVE. 442 SAINT-FLOUR. principal manufactures. Sainte Genevieve is one of the oldest towns in the Mississip|)i Valley, having been settled about 1735. Population, in ISHO. 1580; in I'JOO, 1707. SAINT ELIAS, Mount. One of the highest peaks of North America, being exceeded only by ilount McKinley. the neighboring Mount Logan, and by Mount Orizaba in Mexico. It is situ- ated on the narrowest portion of Alaska Ter- ritory, between the Canadian boundary and the Pacific Ocean, in latitude 60° 17' N. and longi- tude 140° ,i.5' V. (Map: Alaska. G 3). Its height is over 18.000 feet. The southern slope is covered with glaciers extending to the seashore, and is exceedingly steep, almost precipitous. The northern or hnndward slope is more accessible. In 18!t7 Prince Luigi of Savoy successfully made the ascent to the summit. The foothills are covered with forests to a height of 2000 feet, but the mountain it-self is almost destitute of vegetation, and covered with ice and snow. It is not of volcanic origin, as has been supposed, but is formed by the faulting of a portion of the earth's crust. SAINT ELIZABETH, Order of. A Bavarian order of liciii'voh'nce for women, founded in net) for noble Catholics. The membership is un- restricted, but candidates must show' noble de- scent for four generations. SAINTE-MABGTJERITE, mar'ge-rft'. An island of the Mediterranean. See LfiRiNS, Isles DE. SAINTE-MARIE-AITX-MINES, ma're'6'- meu' . The French name of Markirch (q.v. ). SAINTES, saNt. The capital of an arron- dissenient in the Department of Charente-lnfe- riewre. Fiance, '27 miles southeast of Rochefort, on the Charente River ( Map : France, F 6 ) . It is noted for its many interesting remains of the period of Roman occupation. Among these the Amphitheatre and the Arch of Germanicus are the most prominent. The Church of Saint Eu- tropius, originally dating from the sixth cen- tury, was remodeled in the sixteenth. It has a large, handsomely embellished crypt. Other im- portant features of the town are the Church of Notre Uume. dating from the eleventh century; the court house; the town hall, with its library; and the hospital. Iron and copper working and the manufacture of farm implements are the leading industries. Population, in 1901. 18,219. Saintes. the ancient Mcdiolanum. was the chief city of the Santones before it passed into the hands of the Romans. The town was the capital of the old Province of Saintonge. SAINT-ETIENNE, a'te'en'. The capital of the Department of Loire, France, and one of the most important industrial centres of Southern France. It is situated on the Furens, a tributary of the Loire, 30 miles southwest of Lyons by rail (Map: France, L 6). It is essentially a manufacturing city and, with the exception of the Church of Sainte Marie, the palace of justice, and the town hall, contains no buildings of archi- tectural merit. Owing to its situation in one of the richest coal regions of Southern France and the abundance of water power furnished by the Furens, Saint-Etienne has developed very rapidly and its industrial importance is con- stantly increasing. The chief manufactures are 'firearms, and the national factory alone em- ploys in the neighborhood of 10,000 persons. Outside of firearms, small iron and steel prod- ucts, and agricultural implements, Saint-Etienne is famous for its extensive ribbon factories, the product of which is exported all over the world and is regarded as the best of its kind. The coal mines in the vicinity of the city have an annual outi)ut of over 4,000,000 tons. Of educa- tional establishments, Saint-Etienne has a fine school of mining, a lyc^. a college, and a Palais des Arts containing a number of museums, among which the industrial museum, with its numerous samples of local manufactures, is the most in- teresting. The population of Saint-Etienne has kept pace with its industrial growth, and in- creased from 33,000 in 1830 to 92,250 in 18G1, and to 139,350 in 1901. SAINT EUSTACHE ISLAND. An island of the West Indies. See Eustatius Island. SAINT-EVREMOND, saN'ta'vre-moN', Charles de Margietel de Saint-Denis, Sei- gneur de (1013-1703). A French critic and philosophical writer. He was born at Saint- Denis-le-Guast, was trained bj' the Jesuits, en- tered the army and served in Italy (1629) and Germany for the greater part of the Thirty Years' War. He was a friend of Cond^ and in philosophy a follower of Gassendi. Though a stanch Royalist, he was exiled, without suf- ficient apparent cause, after the fall of Fouquet (161)1). He went to Holland and then to Eng- land, where Charles II. pensioned him. On the fall of James II. he declined an invitation to re- turn to France, and made his home with the niece of Mazarin, Hortense Mancini. He died in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey. As a refined philosophical essayist and a master of French prose, worthy to be classed with Pascal and Voltaire, he has received, especially in the last century, increasing attention and apprecia- tion. In his lifetime be published nothing, but circulated his work in manuscript, whence some of it found a side door to publicity in 1668. His O'hirres appeared in three volumes (London, 1705), with a memoir by Des Maizeaux, and have often been reedited. perhaps best by Giraud (Paris, 1865). Consult: Gidel, Etude sur Saiiit- Erremond (ib., 1866) ; Marlet. tiaint-Evremand, etude historique, etc. (ib., 1870) ; Sainte-Beuve, Causeries. vol. iv. (ib., 1857-62). SAINT FER'DINAND, Order of. (1) A Sicilian order of merit, founded in 1800 by King Ferdinand IV., and abolished in 1861. "(2) A Spanish military order, with five classes, founded by the Cortes in 181 1 and renewed in 1815 by King Ferdinand VII. Connected with it are pensions ranging from 400 to 40,000 reals. The decoration for the first and third classes is a white eight-pointed cross, bearing the image of Saint Ferdinand, surrounded by a blue band and the inscription Al merito inilitar. The second and fourth classes bear the same decoration rest- ing on a laurel wreath. SAINT-FLOUR, floor. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Cantal. France, 52 miles south of Clermont-Ferrand (Map: France. K 6). The town is built at an altitude of 2895 feet above sea level, on the edge of a plateau which rises sheer several hun- dred feet from a valley of the Cantal mountains.