Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/483

SAINT-FLOUR. 448 SAINT-GAUDENS. It has nianufactuies of pottery and eoarse cloth. Popiaation, in I'.IOl, r>(i;i4. SAINT FRAN'CIS RIVER. A tiilmtary of the Mississijipi. It rises near Iron Jlountain, in southeastern Missouri, and flows soutli into Arkansas, forming for a short distance the l)Oundary between the two States (ilap: Ar- kansas, E 2). It empties into the Mississippi near Helena after a course of 430 miles. The greater ])art of its course winds through a low, swampy country interhrced with bayous, and for about 70 miles the river expands into a lake from 1 to 5 miles wide. This serves as an important reservoir during the floods of the Mississippi. The river is navigable for 150 miles. SAINT FRANCIS XAVIER, zavl-er. Col- lege OF. A Roman t'atliolic institution in tlie city of New York, founded in 1847 and endowed with collegiate jx^wers in IStil. It is conducted by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and is in- tended for day scholars onl.v. The college com- prises three departments — the college proper, the graduate scliool, and the high school de- partment — and confers the degrees of B. A. and M. A. In 1902 it had a library of about 100.000 volumes, 32 instructors, and 030 students in all departments. SAINT GALL, Fr. pron. saN gal (Ger. Snnkt Galli: II). A northeastern canton of Switzerland, bounded on the north by the Canton of Thurgau and Lake Constance, on the east by the Rhine, which separates it from Vorarlberg. Liechten- stein, and Grisons. on the south by Grisons and Glarus, and on the west by Schwyz and Zurich (Map: Switzerland, D 1). It incloses entirely the Canton of Appenzell and covers an area of 770 square miles. The north is hilly, while the south belongs to the region of the Western Alps, the Ringelspitz, near the southern frontier, reach- ing an altitude of over 10.500 feet. The canton belongs to the basin of the Rhine and its princi- pal river is the Thur. The climate varies in accordance with the con- formation of the surface and is somewliat raw in the mountainous jiarts. Considering its uneven surface. Saint Gall is a very productive region, over Go per cent, of its total area being under tillage, gardens, and meadows. Still the domes- tic supply of agricultural products is insulHcient to meet the denuind, owing to the density of the population. The grape and other fruits are cul- tivated in the valley of the Rhine and in the northern part. Saint Gall is among the indus- trial cantons of Switzerland and produces chiefly cotton goods and embroideries. The Constitution of the canton provides for a legislative assembly (Orosser Rut), the members of which are elected by the communes at the rate of one member for every 1500 inhabitants; and an executive council of seven members elected by the jieople. The referendum is in force. The population of the canton was 228,174 in 1888. and 250,285 in 1000. Over one-half of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, and the German language is spoken by a large majority of the population. For history, see Saint Gall, the capital of the canton. SAINT GALL. The capital of the Canton of Saint Gall and one of the most important manu- facturing centres of Switzerland, situated at an Vol. XVII.— 29. altitude of nearly 20(W feet. alHiut 50 miles east ol Zurich and about 12 miles from Lake Con- stance (Map: Switzerland, D 1). It consists of the irregular old town on a hill and the new quarters in the valley of the Steinach. The Koman Catholic cathedral, formerly an abbey church, is a rococo bviilding dating chietly from the middle of the eighteenth century. The Mene- dictine abbey was founded early in the seventh century by Saint Gallus. an Irish monk, and was one of the most famous seats of learning in Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries. The eighteenth-century building is now useti by the cantonal Government. Its celebrated library con- tains about .'iO.OOO volumes, inelnding nearly lliOO incunabula and a lunnber of valualde manuscrijjts. Among the educational institutions of the city are a cantonal school, a town library with valuable manuscripts of the Reformation period, the museum of the East Swiss Geographical-Com- mercial Society, the museum of natural history, and the collection of the art society. Saint (iail is the centre of an extensive industrial region famous for its embroideries and white goods, which are exported all over the wcnid. Popula- tion, in 1000. y.'i.llO. (ierman is spoken by most of the inhabitants. In the eleventh century the town acquired considerable indejjendence. and, assisted by Imjierial privileges and its growing economic importance, it succeeded in obtaining complete independence from its abbots in the middle of the fifteenth century and joined the Swiss Confederacy. The abbey was abolished at the introduction of the Reformation into .Saint (iail in 1520, but was restored in 15:i2 and fiiuilly aliolished in 1805. In 1803 the Canton of Saint (iail was constituted in the reorganized Swiss Confederacy. SAINT-GAUDENS, siint-gn'denz, Augustus (1848—). One of the leading American sculp- tors. He was born in Dublin. Ireland. March I. 1848, of French and Irish ]>arentage, but the family came to New York City when the boy was six months old. At the age of thirteen Augustus was apprenticed to a cameo-cut- ter: his long training in this craft had much to do with the delicacy of his later work and his fine feeling for relief. After studying draw- ing at the Cooper Institute and the Academy of Design, in 1807 Saint-Gaudens went to Paris and entered the atelier of ■loutl'roy in the Ecole dcs Beaux-Arts. He was intimately associated with the sculptors Dubois, Mercie, Falguiftre, and Saint-Marceanx, and identified with the current movement in French sculpture, which was based rather upon the Italian Renaissance than classic work. In 1870 Saint-Gaudens went to Rome, and in 1873 he returned to America. As the first American sculjitcu- to equip himself with complete French training, his work at- tracted universal attention. His first important work was the scnljitured decoration of the chancel of Saint Thomas's Church in New York City, the chief feature of which is a large cross ' suiVounded by panels of kneeling angels. Dur- ing this early period Saint-Gaudens made many deTightful portraits in extremely low relief. In 1878 he was appointed member of the in- ternational jury for the fine arts at the Paris Exposition. At about this time he moileled the interesting monuments of .Admiral Farragut for Madison Square and of Governor Randall for