Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/111

SHILOH. 87 SHINGKING. to have maintained cavalry scouts between Pitts- burg Landing and Corinth. On the night of April 5th General Grant went as usual to liis head- quarters at Savannah, about nine miles down tlie river, on the east side, where he expected to meet General Buell on the following morning. The positions of the two armies on the morning of April Glh are shown on the accompanying map. Of the Army of the Tennessee the only division at that time not on the field was General Lewis Wallace's division, which was stationed at Crump's Landing, five miles below Pittsburg Landing and on the same side of the river. At about 7 A.M. on Sunday, April Gth, the en- gagement began with an attack on the Federal right under Sherman. Gradually the whole Fed- eral line was forced back, taking successive posi- tions, withstanding the Confederates for a time and then ithdrawing — the various parts of the army acting more or less indepeiidently of one another — imtil the Confederates had secured pos- session of the field and the Federals had formed a new line extending diagonally from Pittsburg Landing to Snake River. Perhaps the most stub- born fighting of the day occurred at what the Confederates called the 'Hornet's Nest' — a posi- tion assumed by W. H. L. Wallace, Hurlbut, and Prentiss about 10 A.M. and held by them against, repeated assaults for five or six hours. It was here that about 2:30 P.M. General Johnston on the Confederate side was killed, General Beauregard then assuming command. About 4 o'clock Hurlbut. attacked in front and flank, was forced to withdraw, and an hour later the divisions of Wallace and Prentiss were attacked in front and on both flanks. General Prentiss with about 2200 men was finally forced to sur- render, and though Gen. W. H. L. Wallace's di- vision managed to withdraw without being sur- rounded. General Wallace himself was killed. General Grant arrived on the battlefield from Savannah at about 8 a.m., but apparently exer- cised little control over the movements of the Federal troops during the engagement of the 6th. Late in the afternoon the Federal army was reinforced on its left b.v a division of General Buell's army under General Nelson, which took part in the last fighting of the day. Before the battle was renewed on the 7th the Federal right bad been reinforced by General I^ewis Wallace, with his division from Crump's Landing, and its left by a lai'ge part of General Buell's army. The Federals attacked with great vigor early on the 7th, and by 4 p.m. had driven the Confederates back beyond Shiloh Church, in the neighborhood of which Sherman had been originally stationed. No pursuit of the Confederates was made, and Beauregard withdrew to Corinth (q.v. ), whither soon afterwards he was followed by Halleek. who had assumed command in person of the Federal army. In the battle of Shiloh the Federal loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners was about 13,000; that of the Confederates about 10,700. Consult: OtJirinl Records (vol. x., parts i and ii.) ; Johnson and Buel (ed. ), Battles and headers of the Civil ^Var, vol. i. (New York, 1887) : Popes, Storii of the Civil War, vol. ii. (ib., 1898) ; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A Mistm-y (ib., 1800) : Force, From Fort Henry to Corinth (ib., 1881) ; Grant. Pcrscmal Memoirs (last ed., 1895) ; and Swinton, Twelve Decisive Battles of the War (ib., 1867). SHIMABABA, she'ma-bii'ni. A city of Japan, situated on a small peninsula in the west of Kiushiu, opposite Kimiamoto (Jlap: Japan, B 7). It is famous on account of the rebellion of the peasants in 1637-38. Excited by misgov- ernmcnt, they revolted, defeating the troops of their lords and seizing the ruined castle at Shi- niabara, which they fortified. The Shogun sent an army to put down the revolt. Meanwhile companies of Christians, who had been pei'se- cuted for 20 years by the Government of the Shogun, joined tlie rebels. The siege lasted for 102 days, the castle yielding on April 12, 1638. All within it were massacred. The assailants, however, sull'ered at least an equal loss. The Dutch in Nagasaki sent their guns and ships to be used against the insurgents. Population, about 20.000. SHIMODA, she-mo'da. A seaport of Japan, situated at the extremity of the Idzu Peninsula, in Central Hondo, over GO miles south of Yoko- hama (Map: Japan, F 6). Shiraoda was the first Japanese port opened to American trade. It was visited by Commodore Perry in 1854 and became in 1857 the residence of the first Ameri- can Minister to Japan. The present population is over 9000. SHIMONOSEKB, sho-mcyno-sek^. or more correctly. AKAMAGASEKI a'ka'ma'ga-sek'i, or in Sinico-Japanese BAKAN. A fortified maritime town of Japan, in the old Province of Choshiu, and Prefecture of Y'amaguchi ; situated at the southwestern extremity of the main island, about four miles from the western entrance to the strait leading into the Inland Sea, and sepa- rating Hondo from Kiushiu ; latitude 33° 56' N., longitude 130° 56' E. (Map: Japan, B 6). It lies at the foot of a range of wooded hills and stretches for about two miles along the shore ; is the southern terminus of the railway system of Hondo, and stands directly opposite the town of Moji. which has sprung up in connection with the development of the railway system of Kiu- shiu. The two form a single consular district. Population, in 1S98, 42,786. Here occurred what is known as the 'Shimo- noseki afTair,' in which in 1864 by a combined naval force of 17 warships — United States, Brit- ish, Dutch, and French — the Choshiu clan was chastised for having fired in 1863 without provo- cation on foreign vessels flying the United States, French, and Dutch flags, and an indemnity of .$3,000,000 was exacted. The last installment of this sum was paid in 1S74. At a later date, however, the United States Government refunded its share, and the money was used by the Japan- ese for educational purposes. Here in April, 1895, was concluded by Li Hung-Chang, acting for China, and Marquis Ito, for Japan, the treaty of peace which ended the Japanese-Chinese- Korean War. SHINER. A name applied to many small fishes of a silvery lustre belonging mainly to the minnows. They are found in the streams of North America. A few species have received popular names, as a dace, the redfin (Notropis coriiutus) . and the golden shiner or 'bream' (.'Iftrawiis chrysoleucas] . For the blunt-nosed shiner see Moonfish. See Plate of Dace and Minnows. SHING-'KING', or more properly. SHENG- KING (Map: China, P 3). The wealthiest and