Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/691

STONEMAN. 595 STONES OF VENICE. There lie served for six years as a railroad eom- missiouer, and iu 1883 was elected Governor by the Democrats. STONE MARTEN. See Marten. STONE RIVER, BArrLE of, or 'Murfbees- BORO, Battle of. An indecisive battle fought near Stone River, in the vicinity of Jlurfrcos- boro, Tenn., on December 31, 1SG2, and Janu- ary 2. 1803, between the Federal Army of the Cumberland, numbering about 41,000 ef- fective men, under Genera! Rosecrans, and the Confederate Army of Tennessee, numbering about 35,000 etl'ective men, under General Bragg. Soon after replacing General Buell on October 30, 18(32. in command of the Army of the Cumber- laud, General Rosecrans occupied Nashville, wliile General Bragg, after having been ma- nujuvrod out of Kentucky by General Buell, took up a position in and near JNIurfrecsboro, Tenn. On December 20th Rosecrans advanced from Nash- ville against Bragg, and on the 30th, after having encountered considerable resistance along the way, arrived in the immediate vicinitj' of Mur- freesboro. Both generals arranged to attacl-: on the following morning, and by a singular coinci- dence both adopted the same general plan of battle, each issuing orders for an attack by his left, heavily reenforced, upon his opponent's right. As the two armies faced one another, Crittenden, commanding the Federal left, was opposed- to Breckenridgc, commanding the Con- federate right; Thomas, commanding the Federal centre, was opposed to Polk, commanding the Con- federate centre; and McCook, commanding the Federal right, was opposed to Hardee, command- ing the Confederate left. At 6 a.m. on the 31st, 8TONE niVER. while Crittenden was preparing to cross the river and advance against Breckenridgc, Hardee vigorously and with vastly superior numbers attacked SIcCook, who seems to have made an unwise arrangement of his line, and who, though he had assured Rosecrans of his ability to hold his position for three hours, soon gave way, his three divisions under Johnson, Davis, and Sheri- dan, after having offered a stubborn resistance. being gradually forced back to the Nashville Pike, in the rear of the Federal left and left centre. The Federal centre, however, under Thomas, successfully beat back the attacks of the Confederate centre and parts of the Confederate left, and, though a realignment of the troops in this part of the field had to be made, the Fed- erals held their position. Meanwhile the Federal left, which, in pursuance of Eosecrans's plan of battle, had bcgnn at 8 A.M. to advance against Ihe Confederate right, had been recalled when the defeat of the Federal right became known, and was instrumental in beating back the final Confederate attacks. The fighting virtually ceased at dark. At the close of the day the advantage was decidedly with the Confederates, who, besides cajituring 28 guns and a large num- ber of prisoners, had driven part of the Federal army from its position and had forced Rosecrans to act on the defensive instead of carrying out his own plan of battle. On January 1st the two armies retained their positions, and there was little fighting, except along the skirmish lines. Van Cleve's division of Crittenden's Federal corps was, however, sent across the river to occupj- a position on high ground opposite one of the fords of the river." On the following day, the 2d, at 4 p.m. Breckenridge's Confederate division made a furious assault upon this posi- tion, the capture of which was necessary to pre- vent the enfilading of the Confederate line; but, after being at first successful, it was finally driven back with great loss. On the night of the 3d Bragg evacuated Murfrecsboro and re- treated toward Tullahoma, 30 miles distant. For some months thereafter the Army of the Cumber- land remained at JIurfreesboro. Throughout the North the battle was claimed as a Federal vic- tory, as it was strategically, though tactically it may be considered to have been "drawn. The Federal loss in killed, wounded, and missing was .about 12,900: that of the Confederates, about 11,700. Consult: Johnson and Buel (eds.), Bat- tlps and Leaders of the Civil War. vol. iii. (New York, 1887) ; Ropes, Stor,/ of the Civil War, vol. ii. (ib., 1804-98) ; Cist, The Army of the Cumher- land (ib., 1882), in the "Campaigns of the Civil War Series;" Nicolay and Hay," .l^ira/rom Lin- coln: A History (ib.. 1890) ; V.-in Home, History of the Army of the Cumberland (Cincinnati, 1875) ; and the Official Records, vol. xx., parts i. and ii. STONE-ROLLER, or Stone-Lugger. One of two fresh-water fishes of the Mississippi Val- ley: (1) A small and worthless sucker (Catos- tomus nigricans), which inhabits clear streams throughout the West. It usually rests qnietly on the bottom, but darts swiftly away when alarmed, scattering the pebbles. It is olive green with brassy sides, and has a flattened, concave head and thick lips. (2) A small brown cypi-i- noid (Compostoma anomahnn) , remarkable for the fact that in the nuptial season the males be- come covered about the head and often over the whole body with large rounded tubercles. They frequent the deep pools of small streams. STONES OF VENICE, The. A treatise on the art and architecture of Venice by Jolm Rus- kin (1851-53), undertaken to record the van- ishing glories of the city. It had great influence on the appreciation of Venetian art and on the Gothic revival of that day, and especially on