Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/692

STONES OF VENICE. 596 STONYHURST COLLEGE. William IVIorris, though it was sharply criticised from an art standpoint. STONEWARE. A kind of pottery distin- guished by an advanced vitrification of the whole mass. It is for this reason that stoneware has been employed for jugs and flagons and vessels of all shapes and size intended to hold valuable liquids. The decoration of these vessels was often very elaborate. The color of this ware, when finished, was a nearly uniform soft gray^ to which was added on many occasions a certain amount of blue. The ware is also very strong. The French word (/res is commonly applied in the trade and by collectors to such pieces of stoneware as are of decorative character. STONEWORK. Structural and decorative work in stone, whether for buildings of an architectural or of all engineering character; in- cluding, therefore, all kinds of masonry (q.v. ) for foundations, piers, walls, vaults, etc., and all kinds of stone-cutting, both constructive and decorative. As other varieties are treated under the appropriate titles, it remains only to treat in this article, very briefl.v, of the artistic ap- 7)lications of stonework. These applications, as distingnishea from sculpture and carving, are found chiefly in decorative details of works of architecture, including such engineering works in stone as are treated with decorative intent, like moldings, columns, bases and caps, pilasters, pedestals, pediments, finials, rustications, balus- trades, parapets, and the like. On the technical side, the treatment of these details varies with the material and the design. All such stonework is first 'roughed out,' either at the quarry or at the stone-cutting yard, into blocks rudely ap- proximating the intended form. If the stone is soft and friable, and the decorative detail com- plex or delicate, it is usually built into the structure in this rough form, and finished after- wards. The harder kinds of stone, blue-stone, granite and hard marble, and all moldings and blocks of simple form, are cut at the yard, care- fully crated or packed and delivered finished at the "building. The carved detail of the softer stones is executed 'in place' with the chisel by carvers specially trained for this. On the artistic side stonework is treated with greater or less fineness of finish according to the grain of stone, and the decorative eff'ect sought. The harder granites and marbles are often highly polished, when used as shafts or panels. In heavy work, as on bridges, embankments and the basements of buildings, a rough fractured sur- face, called 'rock-face' or 'quarry-face' is often left on each block. STONINGTON, ston'ing-ton. A town, includ- ing the borough of Stonington, in Xew London County, Conn., 50 miles southwest of Provi- dence," E. I., on Long Island Sound, and on the Xew York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Connecticut, H 4). It is attractively situated and has some reputation as a summer resort. A good harbor makes it also of consid- erable commercial importance. There are the shops of the New York. New Haven and Hart- ford Railroad, machine shops, printing press works, thread mills, and manufactories of silk machinery, cotton, woolen, and silk goods, vel- vets, and fertilizers. The government is admin- istered bv town meetings, convening annually. Population, in 1890, 7184; in 1900, 8540. In 1649 William Cheesebrough of Plymouth Colony made the first permanent settlement at Stonington and called it Poquatuck. At first within the bounds of Massachusetts, whose Gen- eral Court chartered it as Southertomi in 1658, it passed to Connecticut in 1662, was named Mystic in 1665, and Stonington in 1666. In 1775 it was attacked by a British fleet under Commodoie Wallace, and in 1814 it was bom- barded- for four days by Admiral Hardy, Nelson's favorite officer. For many years Stonington was prominent for its participation in the seal-catch- ing and whale-fishing industries. It was the early home of Roger Sherman. Consult Wheeler, History of the Toic-n of Stonington from 16^9- 1900 ('New London, 1900). STONO FERRY, Battle of. An engagement near a ferry over the Stono River, a short dis- tance from "Charleston, S, C, on June 20, 1779, during the Revolutionary War, between a small force of British, strongly intrenched, under Lieu- tenant-Colonel Maitland. and a superior Ameri- can force under General Lincoln. General Pre- vost, on withdrawing from his invasion of South Carolina, left temporarih" a small force of about 800 men at Stono Ferry and another small force on John's Island. In the early morning of June 20th General Lincoln attacked the British at Stono Ferry, but, owing to the failure of Gen- eral Moultrie properly to cooperate with Lincoln, the garrison was reinforced from John's Island,, and the American attack was repulsed. Lincoln then withdrew, beating off the attacks of the British, who followed for a short distance. The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and miss- ing was about 130; that of the Americans was about 200. STOTJYHTJRST COLLEGE. A leading Catholic college, situated at Stonyhurst Lane, England. It had its inception in the English college at Saint Omer, in the Province of Artois, France, founded by Robert Person, S.J,, in 1592, under the protection and patronage of Philip II. of Spain, to which countr.y that province then belonged. The school, in spite of many diffi- culties, prospered, and when Artois was ceded to France in 1059 a special article in the capitula- tion insured the safety of the institution. In 1760 it obtained from Louis XV. the much-de- sired title of 'Coll&ge Royal.' At the expulsion of the .Tesuits from France the college with all its movable belongings was removed to the city of Bruges in the Austrian Netherlands. When the Society of Jesus was suppressed by Pope Clem- ent XIV. in 1773 an attempt was made by the Austrian Government to coiuiuct the school with the aid of English Dominicans, but such was the attachment of the pupils to their old teachers that the college had to be closed owing to their rebellious attitude. Some of the masters and ]nipils then took refuge in Lifege. where the au- thorities were more kindly disposed toward the Jesuits. In 1794, when the Revolutionary armies were marching upon Li&ge, the college was offered a final resting place by Thomas Weld, who gave it his estate at Stonyhurst, England. In 1808 the attendance outgrew the accommoda- tion, and the construction of the first of a series of five buildings was begun. In 1832-36 a church was erected and in 1837 the college library was presented with the famous Arundell collection. The well-known observatory was erected in 1838.