Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/833

Str TUNG-P'O. 731 SUVABOFF. the death of the Emperor in 1086 he was recalled to the capital, where he filled several high posts, becoming president of the Board of Rites in 1091. The sarcasm of his verse, however, con- tinued to make him enemies, and, being accused of speaking ill of the Emperor, he was again banished. A new Emperor having come to the throne, he was recalled in 1101 and restored to honor, but died soon after at Ch'ang-chow, in Iviang-su. In the estimation of the Ciiinese, Su stands in the first rank as a poet. An edition of his works in 115 books was issued in his lifetime, and there have been many since then with com- mentaries and new arrangements. Copious trans- lated extracts are to be found in Giles, Gems of Chinese Literature (Loudon, 18S4), and his Chinese Literature {New York, 1901). SUTURE (from Lat. sutiira, seam, from Sucre, to sew; connected with Skt. slv, Goth. siujan, OHG. siuivan, siwan. AS. siwian, Eng. set!}). A term employed both in anatomy and surgery. In anatomy it is used to designate the modes of connection between the various bones of the cranium and face. A suture is said to be serrated Ahen it is formed by the union of two edges of bone with projections and indentations (like the edge of a saw) fitting into one another. The coronal, sagittal, and lambdoidal sutures (see Skull) are of this kind. A suture is termed squamous when it is formed by the over- lapping of the beveled (or scale-like) edges of t^■o contiguous . bones. There are also the har- nionio and schindi/lesis sutures, the former being the simple apposition of rough bony surfaces, and the latter being the reception of one bone into a fissure of another. See Joint. In surgery the word suture is employed to designate various modes of sewing up wounds. The term is also applied to a single stitch. Two main varieties of suture are recognized, the con- tinuous and the interrupted suture, and from these two a great number of modifications have been made, of which the quill suture, button suture, the glover's suture, the quilt suture, and the intestinal sutures of Lembert and Duypuy- tren are examples. A buried suture is one which unites some deeper structure, such as a muscle or a layer of fascia, and which does not appear above the skin. It is often made of some ab- sorbable material. Many materials are at pres- ent employed for sutures, such as silk, catgut, silkworm-gut, horse-hair, aniinal-tendon, and silver wire. Consult McGrath, Surgical Anat- omi/ and Operative Surgery (Philadelphia, 1902). SU'VA. The capital and cliief port of the British colony of the Fiji Islands (q.v.). It is situated on the southwestern coast of Viti Levii, 1100 miles from Auckland and 1.540 miles from Brisbane. There is good anchorage in a harbor accessible at all tides: wharf extension was made in 1901. There is a European population of over 1000. SUVALKY, soo-vallv:*. A government of Russian Poland, situated in the northeastern part. Area, 4852 square miles (Map: Russia. B 4). The surface is generally flat and interspersed with lakes. The principal river is the Niemen. The soil is mostly fertile. Aboiit one-fourth of the area is in forests, which belong chiefly to the State and are extensively exploited. The prin- Vgl. XVIII.^17. cipal occupation is agriculture. Population, in 1899, 004,945, half of whom were Lithuanians. SUVALKY. The capital of the Govcnmicnt of Suvalky in Russian Poland, situated on a small tributary of the Niemen, 600 miles south- west of Saint Petersburg (Map: Russia, B 4). Population, in 1899, 27,105. SUVAROFF, si,i-V!l'r6f, or SUVOROFF, Alexki V.v.ssn.iEvrrcH, Comit (1729-18011). . Riissian tield-marslial. He was of Swedisli de- scent and was born in Finland. He served in the campaigns of the Seven Years' War and was made a colonel after the battle of Kunersdorf (1759). His services in the Polisli War (1708- 72), in the war against the Turks (1773-74), in suppressing the uprising of Pugatcheff, and in subduing the Tatars of the Kuban (1783), gave him increased reputation and he rose to the rankof general. In the Turkish War of 1787-92 he was commander-in-chief, for the first time brought the bayonet prominentlj' into use in the Russian army, and decided by it the battle of Kinburn (1787). At the siege of Otchakov (1788), the battle of Fokshany (1789), which he gained in conjunction with the Austrians, and the decisive victory of Rymnik (1789), his sys- tem of rapid and repeated attack by overwhelm- ing numbers secured hira complete success. For this last victory, which saved the Austrians under the Prince of Saxe-Coburg from annihila- tion or capture, SuvaroflC was created by the Emperor .Joseph II. a coimt of the Empire, and from his own sovereign received the title of Count Suvaroff-Eyiimikski. One of his greatest successes was the storming, in 1790, of the for- tress of Ismail, where the wliole Turkish garrison was put to the sword. He was appointed (1791) Governor of the newly conquered provinces. In 1794 he was sent into Poland, where he complete<l the anniliilation of the Polish monarchy by a victory won, in conjunction with Fersen, over the army of Koseiuszko, the capture of Praga, where a horrible massacre of the inhabi- tants took place, and the occupation of Warsaw. The grade of field-marshal rewarded these successes. Under Paul I. he fell into dis- grace (1798), from his impatience of the Em- peror's fantastic military regulations, and was deprived of his rank; but being restored through English influence, he commanded the army sent to coopei-ate with the Austrians in Italy against the French. He reached Verona in Apiil, 1799; compelled Moreau to retire behind the Adda after defeating him at Cassano (April 27th) ; entered IMilan (April 29th) ; again defeated the Frencli under ilaedonald at the Trebbia (.June nth-19th), and a third time nnder .Toubert at Novi (August 15th), driving them out of the whole of Northern Italy^ He next entered Switzerland in order to join Korsa- koff' and effected a toilsome march across the Saint Gotthard, in the course of which he lost one-third of his army. But IMass^^na defeated the army of Korsakoff at Zurich (September 2.5th), and Suvaroff was compelled to execute a retreat through the Grisons and Vorarlberg. For these remarkable services he received the title of Prince Italiski. In 1800 he was named com- mander-in-chief of the Russian armies and or- dered home. He arrived in the capital, where he died May 18, 1800. He left an autobiography