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VOGEL. 198 VOGRICH. missioner, and Commissioner of Customs from that year until 18S7. His published works are Great Britain and Her Colonies (1865) and Anno Domini 2000; or Woman's Destiny (1889; 3d ed. 1890). VOGELSANG, fo'gcl-zang, Hebmaxx (1838- 74). A German mineralogist. He vas born at Jlinden and studied at Bonn. In 1805 he was appointed professor at the Polyteclmic School of Delft. He is remembered for his pio- neer work in the use of the microscope for geological purposes, for his demonstra- tion of the presence of liquid carbonic acid in many minerals, for his researches in the for- mation" of crystals, and for his beginning of a new classification of rocks. He published: Ueber die mikroskojnsche Struktur der Sohlacken und Beziehungen zur Genesis der kristallinisehen Gesteine (1864); Ueber die Systematik der Ge- steinslehre (1871); Ueber die natilrlichen Vltra- marinverbindungen (1873) ; and Die Kristalliten (1875). VOGEL VON FALCKENSTEIN, fd'gfl fon fal'ken-stin, Edu.rd (1797-1SS5). A distin- guished Prussian general, born in Breslau. In 1813 he entered the army and distin- guished himself at ilontmirail in 1814. He took part in tlie campaign in Denmark in 1848 ; became a lieutenant-general and commander of the Fifth Division in 1S5S ; and was chief of staff in the Schleswig-Holstein War of 1864. At the break- ing out of the Seven Weeks' War in 1866 he was put in charge of the army in Western Giermany that was to act against the allies of Austria. He defeated the Hanoverians in the battle of Lan- gensalza on June 28th. and forced them to capit- ulate. On July 2d he set out for Frankfoi't by way of Fulda and Hanau, defeated the Bavarians at Kissingen on the 10th, then the troops of Hesse-Darmstadt on the 13th; on the 14th drove back a reinforcement of Austrian and Hessian troops; and on the 16th entered Frank- fort. A few days afterwards he was appointed commander. After the war he was made com- mander of the First Army Corps, and in 1867 he was elected to the Xorth-German Reichstag. In 1870 he commanded the forces upon the Baltic, and in 1S73 he was retired. Consult Wengen, General Vogel ion Falckenstein und der hanno- versche Feldzug, 1S66 (Gotha, 1SS6). VOGEL VON VOGELSTEIN, fO'gcl-stIn, Karl (1788-1868). A Gennan painter, born at Wildenfels. He studied at the Dresden Acad- emy and, after painting portraits at Saint Peters- burg for several years, from 1808, went to Italy in 1813, was appointed professor at the Dresden Academy in 1820, Court painter in 1824. and was ennobled in 1831. Of many portraits he painted there, those of Pope Pius VII., Frederick, and Augustus the Just are in the gallery at Dresden. In 1842 he went again to Rome and composed a "Scene from Dante's Divina Com- media" (Palazzo Pitti, Florence). After his re- turn to Dresden he jiaintcd "Twelve Scenes in Goethe's Faust" (Dresden Gallery) besides his- torical paintings in churches at Annaberg, Dres- den, Leipzig, and Wolmar. In 1853 he retired from his professorship and lived alternately in Rome ;ind in Munich, where he died. VOGHERA, vA-ga'ra. A town in the Prov- ince of I'avia, Italy, on the left bank of the Staffora, 39 miles by rail southwest of Milan (Map: Italy, D 3). The Church of San Lo- renzo (eleventh century) was remodeled in the baroco style in 1660. The fortifications which were erected in the Middle Ages by the Visconti have been replaced by shady promenades. Popu- lation (commune), in 1901, 20,661. VOGL, fo'g'l, Heinrich (1845-1900). A German tenor, born in ilunicli. He was a schoolmaster at Ebersberg from 1862 to 1865, during which period he devoted much time to tlie study of vocal music. He resigned his school appointment, and studied under Franz Laehner and Hugo Jenk in Munich. His debut occurred in Der Freischiitz at the Munich Court Opera, November, 1805, in which he achieved immediate success. Shortly afterwards he was selected to succeed Schnorr von C'arols- feld as the model Tristan, and became famous as a Wagnerian singer. His compositions include songs, part-songs, and some chamber music, as well as one opera. Der Fremdling. produced in Munich (1899). In 1868 he married Therese Thoma, a dramatic soprano, who also was famous for her jiortrayal of Wagnerian roles, and es- pecially that of Isolde. VOGL, JoiiAXX Xepomuk (1802-66). An Austrian poet. He was born in Vienna and from 1818 until his death was in the service of the Government in Lower Austria. He is known for his ballads, which are still popular. Among his works may be mentioned: Ocslcrreichisches Wunderhorn (1834); Balladen und liomanzen (1837) ; Soldatcnlieder (1849) ; Ticardoicskij der polnische Faust (1853); and Jiigerhrevier (1862). Consult Schmidt, J. A'. Vogl' (Vienna, 1868 ) . VOGLEB, fog'ler, Geoeo Joseph, better known as Abbe Vogleb (1749-1814). A German organist, theorist, and composer, born at Wiirz- burg. He went to Rome and took holy orders. He founded the "JIannheimer Ton- schule" at Mannheim and received the appoint- ment of chaplain and second kapellmeister. From 1780 to 1799 he was Court conductor at Stock- holm, where he founded a music school. In 1807 he was appointed Court kapellmeister at Darm- stadt and founded a third "Tonschule" where both ^^'cb<>^ and ileyerbeer received instruction. Among his works are the operas Der Kaufinaniv ron Sntiirna (1780), Albert III. ton liaycrn. (1781), Ca.sfor und Pollux (1784), Gustavus Adolphus (1791), Somori (1804). and Der Ad- miral (1810), besides a great deal of church music. VOGRICH, xnp'rUi, Mx (Wilhelm C.vkl) (1852 — ). An Austrian pianist and composer born in Szeben, Transylvania. At the age of four- teen years he was a proficient pianist and was sent to the Leipzig Conservatory for special stud- ies under Reinccke, Riclitcr, Ilauptmann. W<'nzol, and Moscheles. He completed his course in 1809, and from 1870 until 1S78 v;is engaged in extend- ed concert tours throughout Continental Europe, Soutli .America, and the United States. He was particularly successful in New York, where he appeared with Willu'ImJ, the violinist. From 1882 io 1880 he was engaged in musical tours and teaeliing, in -Vustralia, after which he re- turned to New York and made that city his permanent residence. Among his many oompo-