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WILLIAMS. 536 WILLIAMS. In 1812 he claimed command of Castle Williams, and, on refnsal, resigned. In 1814 he was elected to Congress, but never took his seat. He wrote Tl>e Use of the Thermometer in yavigation (1799), and translated Elements of Fortification (1801)' and Kosciuslco's Manoeuvers for Horse Artillery (1808). WILLIAMS, Sir Moxiek Monies-. See aiOXIER-VlLLI.MS, Sir MONIEB. WILLIAMS, Otiio Holland (1749-1800). An American soldier. He was born in Prince George County. Md., became an orphan at twelve, and hi 1775 entered tlie American army as lieu- tenant in a JIarvland regiment, becoming a major in June, 1776, a colonel in December, 1770, and a brigadier-general in May, 1782. At Fort ^^ ash- inc^on (November 10, 1776) he was badly wounded and was captured, and for fifteen months was a prisoner in New York, being treat- ed for part of the time, with great seventy. Subsequently he was deputy adjutant-general imder Gates, and adjutant-general under Greene in the South, and served with gallantry at Guil- ford. Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs, where he led a charge. After the war he was collector of the port of Baltimore, and held the position until his death. He wrote an excellent yarraiive of the Campaign of nSO, printed in the -i^PPei'ilix of .Tohnson's Life of Greene. Consult Tiffany. A fikctch of the Life and .Services of Gen. Otho U. ^yiUiams (Baltimore, 1851). WILLIAMS, Roger (c.l604-16S3) . The founder of the State of Rhode Island, born prob- ably in London in either 1004 or 1605. In his youth he attracted the attention of Sir Edward Coke by his shortliand notes of sermons and speeches in the Star Chamber, and was sent by him to Sutton's Hospital, now the Charter- house School, in 1021. He entered Pembroke College, Cambridge, in 1625, and took the de- gree of bachelor of arts in 1627. Williams proba))ly took orders in the Church of Eng- land l)iit he soon became an extreme Puritan, and emi"Tated to New England, arriving at Bos- ton Feln-uary 5, 1631. He refused to join the con^rcation at Boston because the people would not'make public declaration of their repentance for having been in communion with the Church of England; he therefore went to Salem as as- sistant preacher., but was soon in trouble for denyino- the right of magistrates to punish Sab- bath-breaking and other religious offenses, as be- longing to the first table of the law. Being thus in 'opposition to the JIassachusetts Bay Gov- ernment, lie went to Plymoutli, where he assisted its minister, and studied Indian languages. In 1033 he returned to Salem, and was settled as pastor of the church, but was opposed l>y the Government for denying tlie validity of the "Mas- sachusetts Bay charter and for denying its right to take the Indian's hind witliout purchase, and the right to impose faith and worship. He lield that it was not lawful to re(|uire a wicked person to swear or pray, which were both forms of wor- ship; and that the power of the civil magistrate extends only to the bodies, goods, and the outward state of man, and not to their souls and con- sciences. Banished from the colony in 1635 by order of the General Court and threatened with being sent back to England in order to prevent the spread of his new doctrines, he escaped in midwinter to the shores of Xarragansett Bay, accompanied by a few adherents, and here pur- chased lands of the Indian chiefs, founded the city of Providence in 1636, and established a government founded on complete toleration. Having adopted the belief in baptism of be- liever" by immersion, Williams was baptized by a layman, and then baptized him and ten others, and founded the first Baptist church in America. Later he doubted the validity of his baptism, and withdrew from the Church he had founded. In 1643 he went to England to procure a charter for Providence and Rhode Island settlements, and while there published a Key into the Language of America, and The Bloiidy Tcnent of Persecu- tion for Cause of Conscience Discussed (1644), his chief work on the nature and sphere of civil government (reprinted in the Xarragansett Club Publications, 1st series, vol. iii.). In 1045 he wrote a tract entitled Christenitigs Make Tfot Christians (reprinted 1881, as No. 14 of the Rhode Island Historical Tracts). After return- ing to Rhode Island he went a second time to England on business of the colony in 1051, when he published Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health and Their Preserrations, also The Hire- ling Ministry Sone of Christ's and The Bloudy Tencnt Yet More Bloody by Mr. Cotton's En- deavor to Wash It niiite in the Blood of the Lamhe. a reply to a pamphlet by .lohn Cotton. This last was reprinted in 1870 by the Xarragan- sett Club, 1st series, vol. iv. At this period Williams engaged in an experiment of teaching languages by conversation, and made the ac- ciuaintance of ililton. He returned to Rhode Island in 1054, and was elected President of the colony. He refused to persecute Quakers, but en"aged in a controversy with them, and pub- lished George Fox Digy'd Out of His Burrowes (reprinted, 1872. by the Xarragansett Club, 1st series, vol. i.). Through his influence over the Indians he was of great service to the other colonies, but they refused to remove their ban, or to admit Rhode Island into the New England Confederation. Consult: Memoirs, by Knowles (Boston, 1834) : Gammell, Life of Williams (ib., 1845) ; and the biography by Straus (New York, 1894) Also Dexter. As to Roger Williams (Boston, 1870) ; and Williams-s letters and other works published liy the Xarragansett Club (1860). The latest contribution to the literature of Roger Williams is Richman, Rhode Island, Its Making and Its Meaning (Xew York, 1902). WILLIAMS. Rowland (1817-70). A clergy- man of the Church of England. He was born at Halkyn, Wales, graduated B.A. at King's Col- lege," Cambridge, in 1841, and was fellow and tutor, 1839-50^^ He was vice-principal and pro- fessor of Hebrew in the Welsh theological col- lege of Saint David's, Lampeter, 1850 (i2, and did much to improve the teaching and finances of the college. He was made select preacher at Cambridge in 1854. and vicar of Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, in 1858. Certain views on inspiration expressed in one of his sermons at CiimViriilge were unacceptable to many nf the Welsh clergy: and in 1800 he published an ap- l)reciative review of Bunsen's Biblical Researches in Fs.vii/s and Revien-s. which led to his prosecu- ticm for heresy. He was condemned in the Court of .'rches in" 1802, but the judgment was re-