Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/894

ZALINSKI. old he was brought to America by his par- ents, who settled in Seneca Falls, N. Y. In 1804 he served as a volunteer aide on the staff of Gen. Nelson A. Miles. For gallantry in the action at Hatcher's Run, Va., he received in February, 1865, a commission as second lieu- tenant in the Second New York Artillery. In 18IJ6 he was appointed second lieutenant in the Fifth United States Artillery, attaining the rank of captain in 1887, and was retired in 1894. From 1872 to 1876 he was professor of military science in the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology. He then spent several years in study and investigation at the Artillery School at Fortress iMonroe, Va., where he graduated in 1880, and at the School of Submarine Mining at Willets Point. X. Y. Most noteworthy is his invention and development of the pneumatic dynamite torpedo gun. He also invented the electrical fuse, telescope sights for ai'tillery, a ramrod bayonet, and an intrenching tool, and originated the method of finding the exact sight allowance for wind in small arras and rifled artillery, and a system of range and position finding for seacoast and artillery firing. From 1888 to 18!)0 he was in Europe investigating Brit- ish and Continental ordnance methods and equip- ment for the United States Army. See AiB Gux; Ordnajs'CE. ZALUSKI, za-loo.s'ke, J6zEr Andrzej (1702- 74). A Polish bishop and scholar. He was born of an influential family, and at an early age took orders, becoming canon of Plock and a dignitary of the ecclesiastical courts. After the death of Augustus III. he espoused the cause of Stanislas Leszezjnski, and with him fled to Lorraine, where he held several benefices. He soon returned to Warsaw, however, where he was made Bishop of Kiev. He collected a library of 230,- 000 volumes and 15,000 manuscripts, to which after 1748 he gave the public free access. This liln-ary he bequeathed to the Polish nation, but in 1795 it was removed to Saint Petersburg, and became the nucleus of the Imperial Library. Zaluski did much toward the awakening of Pol- ish literature. His writings included a Speci- men Historice Polonife Criticw (17.'!.3), and a bibliographical chronicle. Bibliotcka historykoic, edited by Muczkowski ( 1 8.32 ) . ZA'MA (Lat., from Gk. Zd^a). In ancient gcograpliy, the name of two places about five days' journey southwest of Carthage and some- what less than 30 miles apart. Inscriptions show that the eastern Zama was near the mod- ern SidiAnior-Djedidi, and the western at Djiama. At one of these places the final bat- tle of the Second Punic War was fought in B.C. 202. The Ttonians, under the command of the youthful P. Cornelius Scipio .Afrieanus, defeated completely the Carthaginian forces under Hannibal. Monunsen holds that the west- ern town. Zama Hegia, gave its name to the battle, but this view is not universally accepted. ZAMACOIS, thil'mA-ko'Is, EouAnno (1842- 71). A Spanish genre painter, born at Bilbao. He studied cliielly under Madrazo in Madri<l. and under Meissonier in Paris. His art somewhat resembles Meissonier's, but is lighter in touch and more brilliant in color, and he ranks with Fortuny as the greatest Spanish genre painter of the nineteenth century. He succeeded especially 756 ZAMBEZI. well in seventeenth-century subjects, often satir- ical in character. Many of his paintings are in private possession in the United States, where he is a great favorite. Among the best known are "Cervantes as a Recruit" (1863); "The King's Favorite" (1868) ; "Entrance to a Con- vent" (1869) ; "The End of the Masqued Ball" and "The Education of a Prince" (1870). ZAMAHSHARI, zil'ma-sha'rc (Ar. Ahu 'l- Kasim Mahmud ihn 'Urnar al-Zamakhshari) (1074-1143). A noted Arabic philologist and exegete. He was born at Zamahshar, in Persia. According to the usual custom, he traveled ex- tensively for study and spent considerable time in Mecca. He belonged to the sect of the Muta- zilites. (See Moii.-^mmed.^n Sects.) His prin- cipal works, so far as they have been edited by Europeans, are: a commentary on the Koran, edited by Lees (Calcutta, 1856) ; an Arabic grammar of classic character, edited by Von Broch (Christiania, 1879) ; an Arabic-Persian Lexicon, edited by Wetzstein (Leipzig, 1844) ; the Golden Necklaces, a collection of moral say- ings which has been frequently translated, e.g. by Fleischer (Leipzig, 1835) and by De Meynard (Paris, 1876). Consult Broekelmann, Gescliichte der arahischea Litteratur, vol. i. (Weimar, 1898). ZAMBALE, thiim-bii'la. A peaceable Malay people in middle western Luzon ; their speech is called Tino. Their ancestors are said to have been among the earliest immigrants into Luzon. See Philippine Islands. ZAMBALES, tliiim-bil'las. A province of Luzon, Philippine Islands, situated on the west- ern coast of the island, and bounded on the north by the China Sea. on the east by the Gulf of Lingaycn, Pangasinfln, Tarlac, and Pampanga ; on the south by Bataan and the China Sea ; and on the west by the China Sea (Map: Philippine Islands. E 4). Area, including dependent isl- ands, 2210 square miles. Parallel with the shore rise the Zambales Mountains, whose highest peak reaches an altitude of 5453 feet. The rivers are short and unimportant, the roads few and almost impassable during the rainy season. Rice is the most important crop, with small quantities of corn and sugar cane. The live-stock industries are important. There are some mines of copper and coal and numerous mineral springs. The timber resources are extensive and varied. Popu- lation, in 1900. 87.295. The Avigustinians began work there in 1584. while the Recollets made a formal entry in 1712. ZAMBEZI, zrim-be'zi or zam-ba'ze, or ZAM- BESI. A large river of Africa, the fourth in size on the continent. It rises on the bound- ary between Portuguese West Africa and the Congo Free State in latitude 11° S., longi- tude 24° E., and flows with a general southeastward direction in a great double curve forming the letter S (Map: Africa, G 6). First its course lies within Portuguese West Africa, then on the boun<lnry between that colony and the British colony of lihodesia, .and for a short distance between (lie latter and Ger- man Soutlnvest .frica. after whieli it traverses Rhodesia, and finally flows through Portuguese East Africa until it empties into the Mozam- bique Channel in latitude 19° S. Its total length is abotit 1650 miles. Tlie sources of the river are in a marshy depression of the great