Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/925

ZOLA. 787 faculty which he seems most to descant against is imagination ; and yet any one wlio takes the trouble to analyze the literary elements of his style of writinj;-, and carefnily to examine the events that succeed each other in the development of his plots, is almost inevitably led to the con- clusion that Zola never entirely shook ofT the inlluenoe of tlie romantic school, and especially of its great master, Victor Hugo. He was him- self carried away by his creative imagination more often than he kept it under control. After concluding the series of the Rougon- Macquart, Zola undertook successively two new series: the Three Cities. Lourdes, Rome. Paris, published between 1894 and 1898, and linally the Four Gospels, Fecondite (1899), Travail (1900), Terite (1902), and Justice. Justice re- mained unfinished at his death. Zola was am- bitious also of winning success on the stage, but this ambition of his was not fully gratified. Had Zola died before the year 1898, he would be remendjcred solely as a literary character. The date which marks the beginning of his career as a public man is that of the letter to President Faure by which he threw himself inlo the tliick- est of the fight connected with Alfred Dreyfus (q.v. ). Zola was convinced not only that Drey- fus had been unjustly sentenced, but also that the methods employed to secure his conviction and to shield others, whom Zola considered the real criminals, constituted in themselves crimes deserving of the highest punishment. His letter of January 13th, known by the title "J'accuse ." (I accuse), words which were repeated a number of times in the body of the letter, de- nounced these acts and called for their speedy and exemplary punishment. He at the same time dared the French Government *to prosecute him. Prosecution was begun, however, and his trial by jury in Paris lasted from February 7 to Febru- ary 23, 1898. Zola was convicted of libeling the military authorities, and sentence was pas.sed u|)on him imposing a fine of .5000 francs and six months' imprisonment. Zola appealed to the Court of Cassation, which on April 2d quashed the proceedings and ordered a new trial. This new trial took place at Versailles in July, and Zola was again condemned, but meanwhile he fled to England. Avhere he remained hidden till •Tune 4, 1899, writing Fccondifr. A few months later, a bill granting amnesty to all offenders connected with the Dreyfus case having been lirought forward by the Waldeek-Rousseau Cabi- net and passed by the two Houses. Zola, who had kept up his fight, returned to France, where he was received by his friends and ad- mirers as one of the greatest and most eloquent defenders of human rights. On September 29, 1902,,Zola was found dead in his bedroom, where he had been sutrocated by gas from a defective flue. He received a public funeral. Jlost of Zola's woj'ks can be had in an excellent English translation by Vizetelly. Consult Bruneti&re, Le roman naturaliste (Paris, 1883). ZOL'LICOF'FER, Femx Kirk (1812-02). An .^nieriean soldier and ]iolitician. liorn in ^[aiiry County, Tenn. After reeefving a limited educa- tion he learned the printer's trade and for a time published a paper at Paris, Tenn. He served in the Seminole War, but returned in 1837. and resumed editorial work. In 1841 he ZOLLNER. became associate editor of the Nashville Banner,. the leading Whig paper of the State. From 1844 to 1849 lie was State Comptroller, but resigned and served in the State Senate. From 18.53 to- 18,')9 he was a member of the National House of Representatives. He attended the Peace Confer- ence in Washington in lS(il, but wdien hostilities became inevitable, accepted the appointment a3 major-general of thi; State troops May 9, 1861. He became brigadier-general in the Confederate .rmy, and on July 9th was assigned to a com- mand in East Tennessee, where he adopted a conciliatory p(dicy on account of the strong Union sentiment. At Jlill Springs, Ky., on January 19, 1802, while reconnoitring, he came upon the Union lines and was killed by a volley from the Fourth Kentucky Regiment. ZOLLIKOFER, tsol'le-ko'fer, Geobg Joachim (1730-88). A Swiss divine, born at Saint Gall, and educated at the University of Utrecht. In 1753 he took charge of the Reformed Congrega- tion at Leipzig, where he remained till the end of his life. He was an elofiuent preacher and was held in high esteem on account of his manly and upright character. He is author of a hymn-book, Xcues Gesangbucli, odcr Sammlunf/ geistlicher Licder and Gesiinrie (1760), and Jiis sermons- were often published collectively. ZOLLNER, tsel'ner. HEi?n?icii (1854—). A German composer and musical conductor, born at Leipzig, son of Karl Friedrich Zollner. He studied jurisprudence and from 1875 music at the Leipzig Conservatory under Reinecke,. Jabassohn, Richter, and VVenzel. In 1878 he became nmsical director at the University of Dorpat, and in 1885 was appointed conductor of the Cologne Miinnergesangverein, the Wag- ner-Verein, and the Musical Society. With a' picked male chorus, in 1889, he made a most .successful tour through the principal cities of Italy. In 1890 he was elected conductor of the New York Deutsclier Liederkranz. He aecepte<I a call to Leipzig in 1898 to succeed Kretzschmar as musical director of the "Paulinerchor," a university male choral union. His works include the operas Frithjof (1884), Faust (after Goethe, 1887), the "Kriegsduologie" Im Jahre 1871), consisting of two two-act operas, Bei ,Sedan (1895). and Der Ueberfail (1895); the musical comedy Das iiolzerne Hchicert (1897); Die vcrsunlcne Olocke (1899); and Der t<chiit:ciik-()aiff (1902). His choral works are Die Hunncnschlacht (1880): Das Fest der Rebcnbtiiic : CoJumbus ; ■ Hymnus der Liebe; Helderirequiem, for soprano solo, male chorus, and orchestra; the cantata Die ncue Welt, which won the international prize at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1892; and the oratorio Luther. ZOLLNER, .ToiiANN Karl Fbiedkich ( 1834- 82), .- (Jerman astronomer and physicist, born in Berlin. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Basel, and became in 1800 assist- ant ]uofessor and in 1872 professor of physicail astronomy in Leipzig. In 1872 Zollner de- veloped a theory, according to which the comets are not incandescent through heat, but glowing with electricity. He also made observations in regard to the solar constitution, and was one of the first with Huggins to apply the 'open-slit' method to the study of solar prominences ( 1809). In 1870 he made observations for determining the