Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/927

ZOLLVEREIN. 789 ZONE. Prussia in 18GG, the political allies of Austria — Bavaria, Wiiittciiiberg, Hadeii, Nassau, aud Frankfort — Ucpt the terms of the Zollvereiii with Prussia, so that there was exhihited the curious S])ectacle of countries engaged in open hostilities lixiiig under the same tariff system and main- taining free exchange. After the War of 18(i(j Prussia forced upon Wihttcmbcrg, Baden, and Bavaria a new pact which substituted for the conference of delegates from tlii! sovereign and independent States (Zollkonfcreiiz) an in-and-out assembly consisting of a Zollbiindesrat, repre- senting the Stales, and a Zollparlament, composed of the North Ciermau Reichstag and representa- tives from the South German States. Instead of the unanimous vote for enacting new regulations, a mere majority of each assembly was made suflicient. The representation of the States was not equal, Prussia having 17 out of 58 repre- sentatives in the ZoUbundesrat and a prepon- derating influence in the Zollparlament. Be- sides, Prussia had the presidency of the ZoU- bundesrat, with the right to make treaties of com- merce in the name of the union with foreign powers. This union was replaced by the Zoll- verein, the German Empire of 1871. In 1872 Alsace-Lorraine was included in the German Zollvcrein under the Imjicrial Govern- ment, and in 1888 the free cities of Hamburg and Bremen joined. The new German customs union embraces all the States of Germany, though its limits do not conform exactly to the limits of the Empire, the so-called 'free ports' (parts of Bremen and Hamburg) being excluded, while the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg and the Austrian comnumities of Jungholz and Mittel- burg form part of the union. Duties on exports were abolished in 1873. The customs receipts for the most part go to the Imperial treasury, but one-half of the duties on tobacco in excess 01 130 million marks is divided among the federated States according to pojnilation. Among other instances of customs unions may be mentioned that established in 1889 between Cape Colony and other British colonies and the Orange Free State. More recently attempts have been made to bring about a closer commercial union between the several parts of the British Empire. In 1887, at the colonial conference, Hofmeyr, of Cape Colony, for the first time de- veloped a scheme for a uniform extra-differential duty upon all foreign imports into Great Britain. In 1891 this idea was brought before the House of Lords by Lord Dunraven. In 1894 the Ottawa Conference discussed the matter at some length. Since 1899 the matter has been pressed by Joseph Chamberlain, formerly Colonial Secretary of the Empire. It has been suggested that the United States form a customs luiion with the South American States, Mexico, and Central America, and Mr. Blaine while Secretary of State, 1889-92, attempted to bring about closer commercial re- lations by means of reciprocity treaties. No ap- preciable results have been accomplished by this policy, and there are no prospects of a Zollvcrein being formed among the American countries. Consult: Dittmar. Dcr deufsche Zollvcrein (Leipzig. 1867) ; ^^'orms,'JJ'AUcm^(]ne ccononiique ou histoire (III ZoUverein allemand (Paris, 1874). ZOMBOR, zom'bor. A royal free town of Hungary, capital of the County of Bacs-Bodrog, situated on the Francis Canal, about 120 miles south of Budapest (Map: Hungary, F 4). The chief industries are the manufacturing of Hour and matches. Population, in lUOO, 29,1)09. ZONA LIBRE, tho'na lCl)r4 (Span., free zone), or Fhkio Zo.ne. A name applied to the strip of country, 20 kikimeters wide, extending across the northern frontier of Mexico from the xVtlantic to the Pacific. Foreign goods intro- duced into the Zone i>ay only 18'/<. per cent, (for- merly only 2% i)er cent.) of the regular duties, provided they are used within the district. The Zona Libre at first included only the State of Tamaulipas, and was proclaimed, March 27, 18.58, by the Governor, who, in lU'der to meet the com- petition of the American towns on the left bank of the Kio (irande, especially in food products, remitted all Federal duties on materials consumed entirely within his State — a policy that was sanctioned, in 18G1, by the Federal Congress. Almost coincident with this proclamation came the American Civil War. The advantage of neu- tral ports caused a great increase in the com- merce of Tamaulipas, and a resulting prosperity partly (but wrongfully) attributed to the estab- lishment of the Free Zone. Various attempts were made by the Mexican Congress to regulate matters within the Zone. In 1885 it was ex- tended across the whole frontier; in 1887 the privileges within the Zone were greatly increased. In 1891 duties were levied on manufactures within the Zone, if they were sent into the in- terior of Mexico, in the same manner as upon foreign goods ; but in 1896 these duties, with cer- tain restrictions, were removed. The general complaint from the interior of Mexico is that other manufacturers cannot compete with those of the Zona Libre, who obtain their raw products at a much lower rate ; but this advantage has been largely neutralized by the decline in the value of silver. Shortly after the Civil War there was great opposition to the Free Zone along the United States border, it being claimed that its existence promoted smuggling and built up the Mexican towns at the expense of their Ameri- can neighbors. The necessity for maintaining the Zone, in order to secure cheap food products in the Rio Grande Valley, no longer exists. ZON'ARAS, Joannes (Lat., from Gk.'ludwris Zanapds) . A Byzantine annalist of the first half of the twelfth century. He lived at Constan- tinople, where he was commander of the Imperial guard and private secretary to Alexius I. and Joannes Comnenus. In the reign of the latter he became a monk at Mount Atlios, where he de- voted himself to writing. His most important work is the Chronicon or zinimle&. which relates the history of the world from the creation to 1118, the 'date of the death of Alexius 1. He drew upon Josephus. Xenophon, and Plutarch ; but the chief value of his works, in view of the fact that his contemporary record is meagre, is in that he follows the first twenty books of Dion Cassius, which are known to us only in this way. He also wrote an Exponifion of the Apoxtolicnl Canons. A Lcricon. edited by Tittmann (1808), is falsely attributed to him. The Chronicon was edited by Dindorf (Leipzig, 1868-75). ZONE (Fr. OTJir. from Lat. zona, from Gk. fiii/Tj, girdle; connected with Lith. justa, OChurch Slav, po-jasu, girdle, Alban. ngeS, I gird, Av.