Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/938

ZSCHOKKE. bUO ZTJG. ZSCHOKKE, chok'e, Heixbich (1;71-1848). A German-Swiss novelist and miscellaneous ■writer, born in JIagdeburg. Zschokke ran away from school at seventeen, and was for a time a strolling playwright. He studied afterwards in the University of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he became priva't-docent, and wrote his novel Ahiih lino (1794), which was successfully dramatized. Then he traveled for a time and kept a boarding- school at Reichenau, in Switzerland, of which country he presently became a patriotic citizen. In 1798 he removed to Aarau, where he filled with energy and sound judgment several public and diplomatic offices. Besides editing several popular periodicals, Zschokke published the lucid and rationalistic religious manual, fitunden der Andacht (1806, twice "translated, 184.3 and 1862), and several popular studies in Bavarian and Swiss history, of which i3es Schivcizerlandes Geschichten (1822) was translated in 1855. Zschokke wrote also many novels and tales, from which three selections have been translated (Philadelphia, 1845; New York, 1848; London, 1848). His Works have been collected in 35 volumes (1854). He publis'.ied an autobiographical Selbstschaii (1842. trans. 1847). There are Lives by Emil Zschokke (3d ed., Berlin. 1876) ; and Born (Basel, 1885). Consult also Keller, Beitriine zur politischcn Thiitigkeit Zschokkes (Aarau, 1887) ; and Wernlv, Yatcr Beinrich Zschokke (ib., 1804). ZSOMBOLYA, zhum'bul-yo. A town of Hun- gary. See Hatzfeld. ZUB'LY, .JoHX Jo.cni3,r (172.5-81). A Swiss- American clergyman, born at Saint Gall. Switzer- land. He was" ordained to the Presbyterian min- istry about 1744, subsequently emigrated to America, held a pastorate for some time in South Carolina, and in 1760 became the first regular pastor of the Independent Presbyterian Church in Savannah, Ga. He was a man of profound learning, was an able speaker and a skillful w-riter, and had a great influence among the people of Georgia. In the pre-Revolutionary controversies between the American colonies and the British Ministry, he was a vigorous partisan of the colonists, and both as a speaker and as a pamphleteer greatly aided their cause in Georgia. He was an active member of the Provincial Con- gress of Georgia in 1775, and was sent as one of Georgia's delegates to the Continental Congress in the same year. "Though opposed to the acts of the British Ministry and in favor of armed re- sistance, lie contended against independence, and, after being detected in a questionable corre- spondence with Sir James Wright, the royal Gov- ernor of Georgia, he fled from Congress, and became an open Loyalist in (Georgia. In 1777 he was banished from Savannah, and his prop- erty was confiscated. He then lived in South Carolina for a time, and after right was re- instated as Governor of Georgia returned to Savannah, where he remained luitil his dcatli. His publications include: The Real Chrisliav's Hope in Death (17.")6) ; The SIftmp Act Jiepealcd (1766) ; An Bumble Inrpiiri/ into the yaiitre of the Dependency of the Amerienn Colonies upon the Parliament of Great Britain and the Jiiiikt of Parliament to Lay Taxes on the Said Colonics (1769), his best known pamphlet; and The Law of Liberty (1775). ZUBR. See Bison. ZUCCARO, tsook'ka-rf). Taddeo (1529-66). An Italian painter, born at Sant' Angelo in Vado, near L'rbino. In 1548 he began a career of fresco painting for Julius III. and Paul IV., as well as for great nobles like the Duke of Urbino, which was only ended by his early death in Rome. He was a mannerist of the jjost-Raphaelite school, though he excels most of his contemporaries in breadth of treatment and dignity of composition, as exemplified particularly by his frescoes in the Palazzo Farnese at Caprarola, near Viterbo. His faults were transmitted to his brother and pupil, Fedeeigo (c.1542-1009), born at Sant' Angelo, who soon became the most popular painter of his generation, was called upon to complete the Last Judgment" begun by Vasari in the dome of the Cathedral of Florence, and upon his return to Rome was commissioned by Gregory XIII. to carry out ^Michelangelo's designs for the decora- tion of the Pauline Chapel. As the result of a quarrel he left this task and visited Flanders, Holland, and in 1574 England, where he made portraits of Queen Elizabeth, Mary Stuart, and many high personages. In 1582 he painted several huge frescoes for the Doge's Palace in Venice, and on his return to Rome completed his work in the Pauline Chapel. From 1585 to 1588 he was engaged in decorating the Escurial for Philip II.. and afterwards lived in Italy. In 1595 he founded the Academy of San Luca at Rome, and shortly before his death at Ancona was knighted by the Pope. His frescoes have all the exaggeration and artificiality of the school which he led. He depended for etl'ect on enormous size and grotesque massing of con- torted figures. His easel paintings are, however, more pleasing. ZUG, ziiog or tsuG. A small canton of Switzer- land, situated between Zurich. Schwyz, Lucerne, and Aargau. Area. 92 square miles (Map: Switz- erland. CI). It is mountainous in the southeast and mostly flat in the northwest. The canton com- prises the Lake of Aegeri and the larger part of the Lake of Zug. The chief occupations are stock- breeding, dairying, and the manufacturing of cot- ton, silk, and paper products. The Constitution provides for an elected legislative assembly (one niend)er to every 350 inhabitants) and an elected executive council. Proportional representation, the initiative, and the referendum are in force. Pojiulation. in 1900, 25,045, largely German- s])eaking Catholics. Capital, Zug (().v.). The town of Zug with a part of the surrounding ti'rritory was acquired by the House of llapslnirg in 1264 and was annexed by the Swiss Confedera- tion in 1352. At the formation of the Helvetic Republic (1798) it became a ]>art of the Forest Cantons. It was constituted an indejiendent can- ton in 1803. ZUG. The capital of the Canton of Zug, Switzerland, 19 miles by rail south of Zurich, at the nclrtheast corner of the Lake of Zug (Map: Switzerland. CI). The town, a ]ileasant sunuiier resort having an elevation of about 1400 feet, affords a fine view of the Bernese Alps and is quaint in :ip|iearance. There are a fifteenth-cen- tury Gothic church, the Church of the Capu- chins, an historical museum, a nuiseum of antiqui- ties, and a fine late-Gothie town hall. Cotton goods, enamel wares, and wood-carvings are