Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/939

ZUG. ttOl ZULULAND. sliippod. and there is an important fisli-brcedin^' (-stablislniu'nt. In the vicinity of Ziif; is lli'p Bee Musfiiin of Switzerland.' Popuhition in IIIOO. (i.>()S. ZtfGEI,, tsu'grl. IlEiNRicn (1850—). A Ger- niiui fifiiie and iuiinial painter. He was born at JNlurrlianlt, Wiirttemberg, and studied in Stutt- gart, ^"ienna, and Jlunicli. He took the first medal at the Munich exhibition of 1888. In 1894 he was appointed professor in tlie ICarlsrulie art school, and the next year in the Academy of Munich. His best known pictures include: "Sheep in tlie Woods" (1872, Leipzig jMuseuni) ; "Sheep in an Alder Grove" (1875, National Gal- lerj', Berlin); "Span of Oxen" (1875); "Sum- mer Sun" (1888. Eudolfinum, Prague) ; "Oxen at the Plow" (1886, Pinakothek, Munich). ZTJIDEB ZEE, zoi'der za. An arm of the North Sea. See Zctdee Zee. ZUKERTORT, tsuk'er-tort, Johannes Her- mann (1S42-S8). A Polish chess-master, born in Lublin, Russian Poland. In 1807 he began to edit the Ncue Berliner Schachzeitung, with the German expert Anderssen. Zukertort's first notable public chess-playing was in London, in 1872, and in 1878, at the Paris International Tournament, he won the first prize. He defeated Rosenthal in ISSO, Blackburne in 1881, and at the London Tournament of 1883 he won first place over Steinitz and a large field of other ohess-niasters. Steinitz defeated him, however, in America, in 1885. He displayed at all times remarkable skill in simultaneous games and in play without the board. Besides conducting the English Chess Monthly, he wrote Snmnilung der auserlesensten Schnchaufgaben (1869) ; and pub- lished, with Jean Dufresne, Gros&tes Schachhand- huch (2d ed. 1873), and Leitfaden des Schach- spirh (5th ed. 1897). ZULOAGA, soo'16-a'ga, Ffoix (1814-76). A President of Mexico, born at Alamos, in Chihua- hua. In 1854 he was sent against the rebels in Ayutla. and in the following year was captured, but gained the favor of Comonfort, the Liberal leader, who, when he became President, intrusted to him the military operations in the Sierra de Qucretaro, employed him in the two campaigns of Puebla, and made him Councilor of State. In 1857 he declared against the new Constitution and in favor of giving Comonfort dictatorial power, but as Comonfort hesitated, Zuloaga's troops occupied the c^apital (January, 1858). Comonfort went into exile, and Zuloaga was de- clared President. Soon afterwards began the 'War of Reform' between liis followers of the Church and military parties and the Liberals un- der Juaj-ez (q.v.). In December, 1858, Zuloaga was overthrown, and though he was afterwards for a short time reinstated, he was at length de- dared an outlaw. When the French invaded Mexico, Zuloaga did not assist them but went to Europe. He returned in 1864, and in the follow- ing year joined in an unsuccessful plot to over- thi'ow Maximilian and establish Santa Anna. ZTJLTJ, zTTf'—>. Tribes of Bantu stock. South Africa, divided into five groups: Ama-Fonga, Ama-Azwazi, Ama-Zulu,- Ama-Ponda, and Ama- Kosa. They are a well-proportioned, muscular, powerful, and active people above middle height. (See Colored Plate Dark Races op Africa, with article Africa.) They live on curdled milk, flesh of cattle, and vegetables, and in cooking and other domestic arts are well advanced. The house is a framework of poles, beehive in form, lliatclied, and plastered. Among other arts, they make beer, tan hides, smelt iron, and weave basketry. Their weapons are the assegai, knob- kirri, and shield. Polygamy and wife-purchase are customary. They have an extensive folk- lore. Consult: Fritscli, Uir Einqcliorcnen Siid- Afrikas ( I'.reslau, 1872); Kr<j|]f,' /if/.s Volk der Xosn-Kaffrrn (Berlin, 1880) ; Grout, Isizulu, Itcviscd Edition of a flraminar of the Xulu Lan- guage (London, 1893) ; Roberts, Zuiii-Kafir Lan- guage Simplified for Beginners (3d ed., ib., 1895) ; id., English-Zulu Diclionary (2d ed.. ib., 1895). ZULULAND, zTTri'lrrrT-lrnul. A province of the British colony of Natal, bounded on the north by Swaziland and Portuguese East Africa, on the east and southeast by the Indian Ocean, and on the southwest and west by Natal. The former Transvaal district of Vryheid, now a part of Natal, borders directly on the west. Tongaland Avas annexed to Zululand December 27. 1897. and forms the northeastern neck of it. (See Tonga- land.) The present area of Zululand is about 10,450 sqiuare miles. The popula.tion was esti- mated in 1900 at 185.000, including 1200 Euro- peans. Zululand proper represents al)Out 8450 square miles and has about 140,000 inhabitants. It is traversed by mountains and lines of hills, but is capable of great agricultural productive- ness, being well forested and well watered. The leading rivers are the Tugela. on the southern boundary, and the Umlatusi, Univolosi, and the Mkusi, all flowing eastward into the ocean. The important Saint Lucia bay and lagoon are on this coast. The climate is healthful save along the fever-stricken coast. The big tropical animals are not frequent, except leopards. The water areas swarm with crocodiles. The antelopes are pro- tected by law. The mineral possibilities have been little examined into. The heavy forests in ditt'erent sections of the land are protected by law from ruthless destruction. The natives cultiv.ate corn and beans, and tend their extensive herds of cattle and sheep. The low districts border- ing the ocean produce sugar, cotton, coffee, etc. Zululand offers splendid facilities for stock-rais- ing. In order to protect the interests of the na- tives, public lands are sold to Europeans with the approval of the British authorities. The in- habitants are the warlike Zulu-Kafirs. Their tribal customs are carefully respected by the Im- perial Government so far as practicable. Zulu- land sends one member to the legislative council of Natal and two members to the legislative as- sembly. The seat of the resident commissioner is at Ekowe. Toward the close of the decade 1870-80 the warlike Zulus under their King, Cetewayo, be- came a grave danger to the neighboring British colo»ies. At the beginning of 1879 the British made war on them. On .January 22d a British army met with a great disaster at Isandlana (Isandula). On April 2d the Zulus were re- pulsed at Gingolovo, and on the following day the British force besieged in Ekowe was relieved. Prince Louis Napoleon, who had entered the British service, was slain in a reconnoissance on June 1st. On July 4th the Zulus were complete- ly defeated at Ulundi and on August 28th Cete-