allowed to take part in the electoral conventions of the Zemstvos.
"III. Jews and converted Jews are not to be permitted to serve in the Zemstvos.
"IV. Jews and converted Jews are not to be permitted to serve in any municipal capacity.
"V. Jews and converted Jews should not be permitted to enter the civil service.
"VI. Jews and converted Jews should not be included in the lists of jurors; they may not be appointed or elected to serve in courts, they may not practice as either advocates or attorneys."
These recommendations are clearly at variance with the trend of Russian legislation throughout the reigns of Peter the Great, Catherine the Second and Alexander the First. Peter the Great called into the service of the Russian government all subjects irrespective of their nationahty or religion. His fellow champions were representatives of different nationalities such as Bruce, Bauer, Repnin, Menshicov and Yaguzhinsky. As to Catherine the Second, our code of laws still retains the expression of her wish that all the peoples of Russia, each according to the pre-
