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VII. VERB. INFINITIVE. 407 found'; śrav-áyya- 'glorious'; -hnav-áyya- 'to be denied'. A few are formed from secondary verbs; from causatives: trayay-áyya- ‘to be guarded' (√trā-)'; panay-áyya- 'admirable' (pan-); sprhay-áyya- 'desirable' (V sprh-); from a desiderative: di-dhi-ş-ayya- 'to be conciliated (√dha-); from an intensive: vi-tan-tas-áyya- 'to be hastened' (V tams-). Akin to these gerundives is the anomalous form stuṣé-yya- 'to be praised', derived direct from the infinitive stuse 'to praise'2. 580. More than a dozen gerundives are formed with -en-ya (generally to be read -enia): īks-énya- 'worthy to be seen', il-énya- 'praiseworthy', -car- énya- 'to be acted', drs-énya- 'worthy to be seen', -dvis-enya- 'malignant', a-bhūṣ-énya- 'to be glorified', yudh-énya- 'to be combatted', vár-enya- 'desirable'. From the aorist stem is formed -yams-énya- 'to be guided' (Vyam-); and perhaps paprks-énya-3 'desirable' (Vprach-). A few are also derived from secondary verbs; from desideratives: didrks-énya- 'worthy to be seen' (√ drs-), śuśrus-énya- (TS.) 'deserving to be heard'; from intensives: mar- mrj-énya- 'to be adorned', vavrdh-énya- 'to be glorified'; from a denomina- tive: sapary-énya- 'to be adored'. 581. About a dozen gerundives, almost restricted to the RV.4, end in -tv-a (generally to be read as -tu-a), which seems to be the infinitive stem in tu turned into an adjective by means of the suffix -a: kár-tva- 'to be made', ján-i-tva- and ján-tva- 'to be born', jé-tva- 'to be won', nán-tva- 'to be bent', bháv-i-tva- 'future', vák-tva- 'to be said', sán-i-tva- 'to be won', só-tva- 'to be pressed', sná-tva- 'suitable for bathing', hán-tva- 'to be slain', hé-tva- 'to be driven on' (hi-). a. In the AV. there begins to appear a gerundive in -tav-yà. It probably started from the stem of the predicative infinitive in -tav-e, which was turned into an adjective by means of the suffix -ia. The only examples of this formation are jan-i-tav-yà- 'to be born' (AV. IV. 237) and hims-i-tav-yà- 'to be injureď (AV. V. 186). is derived from b. There are also two examples in the AV. of a new gerundive in -an-iya, which a verbal noun in -ana with the adjective suffix -iya. These are upa-jiv-aniya- 'serving for subsistence' "to be subsisted on' (AV. VIII. 10²²); ā-mantr- aniya 'fit for address' (ā-mántraṇa-) 'worthy to be addressed' (AV. VIII. 107)6. = = c. Infinitive. A. LUDWIG, Der Infinitiv im Veda, Prag 1871. — J. JOLLY, Geschichte des Infinitivs im Indogermanischen (München 1873), especially p. 111-137. - DELBRÜCK, Das alt- indische Verbum (1874), p. 221-228; Altindische Syntax p. 410-425. AVERY, Verb- Inflection in Sanskrit, JAOS. 10, 275-276 (1876). BRUNNHOFER, Über die durch ein- fache flectirung der wurzel gebildeten infinitive des Veda, KZ. 30 (1890), 504-513. BARTHOLOMAE, Zur bildung des dat. sing. der a-stämme, BB. 15. 221-247. v. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprachgeschichte des Veda (1898), 91. – FRITZ WOLFF, Die infinitive des Indischen und Iranischen. Erster teil: Die ablativisch-genetivischen und die accusativischen infini- tive, Gütersloh 1905. - ¹ Cp. GRASSMANN, s. v., and WHITNEY 1051 f. 2 See BRUGMANN, KG. 809. 3 See BENFEY, Vollständige Grammatik 904 and 860. 4 A few of these are also found in B., also an additional one, hó-tva- 'to be sacri- ficed', in the MS. (L. 9³). - 582. The infinitive, all the forms of which are old cases of nouns of action, is very frequently used, occurring in the RV. alone about 700 times. The case-forms which it exhibits are those of the accusative, dative, ablative- genitive, and locative. Only the first two are common, but the dative is by far the commonest, outnumbering the accusative in the proportion of 12 to I in the RV. (609 to 49), and of 3 to 1 in the AV.8 Infinitives are 5 Cp. BRUGMANN, KG. 809. 6 The gerundive meaning in these two verbal adjectives is probably only incipient. The second is expressly connected with the verbal noun ā-mántraṇa-. 7 AVERY 231. 8 WHITNEY 986.