The History of England from the Accession of James II

by Thomas Babington Macaulay

For works with similar titles, see History of England.

THE

HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE

ACCESSION OF JAMES II.

BY

THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY.

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VOL. I.

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PHILADELPHIA

PORTER & COATES

CONTENTS

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CHAPTER I.
	PAGE.
Introduction	13
Britain under the Romans	15
Britain under the Saxons	16
Conversion of the Saxons to Christianity	17
Danish Invasions; The Normans	20
The Norman Conquest	23
Separation of England and Normandy	25
Amalgamation of Races	26
English Conquests on the Continent	28
Wars of the Roses	30
Extinction of Villenage	31
Beneficial Operation of the Roman Catholic Religion	32
The early English Polity often misrepresented, and why?	34
Nature of the Limited Monarchies of the Middle Ages	36
Prerogatives of the early English Kings	37
Limitations of the Prerogative	38
Resistance an ordinary Check on Tyranny in the Middle Ages	42
Peculiar Character of the English Aristocracy	45
Government of the Tudors	46
Limited Monarchies of the Middle Ages generally turned into Absolute Monarchies	49
The English Monarchy a singular Exception	50
The Reformation and its Effects	51
Origin of the Church of England	55
Her peculiar Character	57
Relation in which she stood to the Crown	59
The Puritans	63
Their Republican Spirit	65
No systematic parliamentary Opposition offered to the Government of Elizabeth	66
Question of the Monopolies	67
Scotland and Ireland become Parts of the same Empire with England	68
Diminution of the Importance of England after the Accession of James I.	72
Doctrine of Divine Right	73
The Separation between the Church and the Puritans becomes wider	77
Accession and Character of Charles I.	85
Tactics of the Opposition in the House of Commons	86
Petition of Right	87
Petition of Right violated; Character and Designs of Wentworth	88
Character of Laud	89
Star Chamber and High Commission	90
Ship-Money	91
Resistance to the Liturgy in Scotland	94
A Parliament called and dissolved	95
The Long Parliament	97
First Appearance of the Two great English Parties	98
The Remonstrance	105
Impeachment of the Five Members	107
Departure of Charles from London	108
Commencement of the Civil War	111
Successes of the Royalists	112
Rise of the Independents	114
Oliver Cromwell	115
Selfdenying Ordinance; Victory of the Parliament	116
Domination and Character of the Army	117
Rising against the Military Government suppressed	120
Proceedings against the King	121
His Execution	124
Subjugation of Ireland and Scotland	126
Expulsion of the Long Parliament	127
The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell	130
Oliver succeeded by Richard	135
Fall of Richard and Revival of the Long Parliament	137
Second Expulsion of the Long Parliament	138
The Army of Scotland marches into England	139
Monk declares for a Free Parliament	141
General Election of 1660	142
The Restoration	143
⁠
CHAPTER II.
Conduct of those who restored the House of Stuart unjustly censured	145
Abolition of Tenures by Knight Service; Disbandment of the Army	147
Disputes between the Roundheads and Cavaliers renewed	148
Religious Dissension	150
Unpopularity of the Puritans	153
Character of Charles II.	159
Character of the Duke of York and Earl of Clarendon	162
General Election of 1661	165
Violence of the Cavaliers in the new Parliament	166
Persecution of the Puritans	167
Zeal of the Church for Hereditary Monarchy	168
Change in the Morals of the Community	169
Profligacy of Politicians	171
State of Scotland	173
State of Ireland	176
The Government become unpopular in England	177
War with the Dutch	180
Opposition in the House of Commons	181
Fall of Clarendon	182
State of European Politics, and Ascendency of France	185
Character of Lewis XIV.	187
The Triple Alliance	189
The Country Party	190
Connection between Charles II. and France	191
Views of Lewis with respect to England	194
Treaty of Dover	196
Nature of the English Cabinet	197
The Cabal	198
Shutting of the Exchequer	201
War with the United Provinces, and their extreme Danger	202
William, Prince of Orange	203
Meeting of the Parliament; Declaration of Indulgence	205
It is cancelled, and the Test Act passed	207
The Cabal dissolved	208
Peace with the United Provinces; Administration of Danby	209
Embarrassing Situation of the Country Party	211
Dealings of that Party with the French Embassy	213
Peace of Nimeguen	213
Violent Discontents in England	214
Fall of Danby; the Popish Plot	216
Violence of the new House of Commons	221
Temple's Plan of Government	223
Character of Halifax	225
Character of Sunderland	228
Prorogation of the Parliament; Habeas Corpus Act; Second General Election of 1679	230
Popularity of Monmouth	231
Lawrence Hyde	235
Sidney Godolphin	236
Violence of Factions on the Subject of the Exclusion Bill	237
Names of Whig and Tory	238
Meeting of Parliament; The Exclusion Bill passes the Commons; Exclusion Bill rejected by the Lords	239
Execution of Stafford; General Election of 1681	240
Parliament held at Oxford, and dissolved	241
Tory Reaction	242
Persecution of the Whigs	244
Charter of the City confiscated; Whig Conspiracies	245
Detection of the Whig Conspiracies	247
Severity of the Government; Seizure of Charters	248
Influence of the Duke of York	250
He is opposed by Halifax	251
Lord Guildford	252
Policy of Lewis	254
State of Factions in the Court of Charles at the time of his Death	256
⁠
CHAPTER III.
Great Change in the State of England since 1685	257
Population of England in 1655	259
Increase of Population greater in the North than in the South	261
Revenue in 1685	264
Military System	266
The Navy	273
The Ordnance	280
Noneffective Charge; Charge of Civil Government	281
Great Gains of Ministers and Courtiers	282
State of Agriculture	285
Mineral Wealth of the Country	289
Increase of Rent	291
The Country Gentlemen	292
The Clergy	296
The Yeomanry; Growth of the Towns; Bristol	306
Norwich	308
Other Country Towns	309
Manchester; Leeds; Sheffield	311
Birmingham	313
Liverpool	314
Watering-places; Cheltenham; Brighton; Buxton; Tunbridge Wells	315
Bath	316
London	318
The City	320
Fashionable Part of the Capital	324
Police of London	329
Lighting of London	330
Whitefriars; The Court	331
The Coffee Houses	334
Difficulty of Travelling	338
Badness of the Roads	339
Stage Coaches	343
Highwaymen	346
Inns	349
Post Office	350
Newspapers	352
News-letters	354
The Observator	356
Scarcity of Books in Country Places; Female Education	357
Literary Attainments of Gentlemen	359
Influence of French Literature	360
Immorality of the Polite Literature of England	361
State of Science in England	368
State of the Fine Arts	373
State of the Common People; Agricultural Wages	376
Wages of Manufacturers	378
Labour of Children in Factories	379
Wages of different Classes of Artisans	380
Number of Paupers	381
Benefits derived by the Common People from the Progress of Civilisation	382
Delusion which leads Men to overrate the Happiness of preceding Generations	385
⁠
CHAPTER IV.
Death of Charles II.	387
Suspicions of Poison	398
Speech of James II. to the Privy Council	400
James proclaimed	401
State of the Administration	402
New Arrangements	404
Sir George Jeffreys	406
The Revenue collected without an Act of Parliament	410
A Parliament called	411
Transactions between James and the French King	412
Churchill sent Ambassador to France; His History	415
Feelings of the Continental Governments towards England	418
Policy of the Court of Rome	420
Struggle in the Mind of James; Fluctuations in his Policy	423
Public Celebration of the Roman Catholic Rites in the Palace	425
His Coronation	427
Enthusiasm of the Tories; Addresses	430
The Elections	431
Proceedings against Oates	435
Proceedings against Dangerfield	440
Proceedings against Baxter	442
Meeting of the Parliament of Scotland	446
Feeling of James towards the Puritans	447
Cruel Treatment of the Scotch Covenanters	449
Feeling of James towards the Quakers	453
William Penn	455
Peculiar Favour shown to Roman Catholics and Quakers	458
Meeting of the English Parliament; Trevor chosen Speaker; Character of Seymour	461
The King's Speech to the Parliament	463
Debate in the Commons; Speech of Seymour	464
The Revenue voted; Proceedings of the Commons concerning Religion	465
Additional Taxes voted; Sir Dudley North	467
Proceedings of the Lords	469
Bill for reversing the Attainder of Stafford	470
⁠
CHAPTER V.
Whig Refugees on the Continent	472
Their Correspondents in England	473
Characters of the leading Refugees; Ayloffe; Wade	474
Goodenough; Rumbold	475
Lord Grey	476
Monmouth	477
Ferguson	478
Scotch Refugees; Earl of Argyle	483
Sir Patrick Hume; Sir John Cochrane; Fletcher of Saltoun	486
Unreasonable Conduct of the Scotch Refugees	487
Arrangement for an Attempt on England and Scotland	488
John Locke	490
Preparations made by Government for the Defence of Scotland	491
Conversation of James with the Dutch Ambassadors; Ineffectual Attempts to prevent Argyle from sailing	492
Departure of Argyle from Holland; He lands in Scotland	495
His Disputes with his Followers	496
Temper of the Scotch Nation	498
Argyle's Forces dispersed	501
Argyle a Prisoner	502
His Execution	507
Execution of Rumbold	508
Death of Ayloffe	510
Devastation of Argyleshire	511
Ineffectual Attempts to prevent Monmouth from leaving Holland	512
His Arrival at Lyme	514
His Declaration	515
His Popularity in the West of England	516
Encounter of the Rebels with the Militia at Bridport	518
Encounter of the Rebels with the Militia at Axminster; News of the Rebellion carried to London; Loyalty of the Parliament	520
Reception of Monmouth at Taunton	524
He takes the Title of King	527
His Reception at Bridgewater	531
Preparations of the Government to oppose him	532
His Design on Bristol	535
He relinquishes that Design	536
Skirmish at Philip's Norton; Despondence of Monmouth	538
He returns to Bridgewater; The Royal Army encamps at Sedgemoor	540
Battle of Sedgemoor	544
Pursuit of the Rebels	550
Military Executions; Flight of Monmouth	551
His Capture	553
His Letter to the King; He is carried to London	555
His Interview with the King	556
His Execution	560
His Memory cherished by the Common People	563
Cruelties of the Soldiers in the West; Kirke	566
Jeffreys sets out on the Western Circuit	571
Trial of Alice Lisle	572
The Bloody Assizes	576
Abraham Holmes	579
Christopher Battiscombe; The Hewlings	580
Punishment of Tutchin	581
Rebels Transported	582
Confiscation and Extortion	583
Rapacity of the Queen and her Ladies	585
Grey; Cochrane; Storey	591
Wade, Goodenough, and Ferguson	591
Jeffreys made Lord Chancellor	593
Trial and Execution of Cornish	594
Trials and Executions of Fernley and Elizabeth Gaunt	596
Trial and Execution of Bateman	598
Persecution of the Protestant Dissenters	599

⁠
CHAPTER VI.
	PAGE.
The Power of James at the height	13
His Foreign Policy	14
His Plans of Domestic Government; The Habeas Corpus Act; The Standing Army	15
Designs in favour of the Roman Catholic Religion	17
Violation of the Test Act; Disgrace of Halifax	22
General Discontent	23
Persecution of the French Huguenots	24
Effect of that Persecution in England	27
Meeting of Parliament; Speech of the King	27
An Opposition formed in the House of Commons	28
Sentiments of Foreign Governments	30
Committee of the Commons on the King's Speech	31
Defeat of the Government	35
Second Defeat of the Government; The King reprimands the Commons; Coke committed by the Commons for Disrespect to the King	37
Opposition to the Government in the Lords; The Earl of Devonshire	39
The Bishop of London; Viscount Mordaunt	40
Prorogation; Trials of Lord Gerard and of Hampden	43
Trial of Delamere	45
Effect of his Acquittal	47
Parties in the Court; Feeling of the Protestant Tories	48
Publication of Papers found in the Strong Box of Charles II.	50
Feeling of the respectable Roman Catholics	51
Cabal of violent Roman Catholics; Castelmaine; Jermyn; White; Tyrconnel	53
Feeling of the Ministers of Foreign Governments	56
The Pope and the Order of Jesus opposed to each other; The Order of Jesus	58
Father Petre; The King's Temper and Opinions	65
The King encouraged in bis errors by Sunderland	67
Perfidy of Jeffreys; Godolphin; The Queen	70
Amours of the King; Catherine Sedley	71
Intrigues of Rochester in favour of Catherine Sedley	73
Decline of Rochester's Influence	76
Castelmaine sent to Rome; The Huguenots ill-treated by James	79
The Dispensing Power	82
Dismission of refractory Judges	83
Case of Sir Edward Hales	85
Roman Catholics authorised to hold Ecclesiastical Benefices; Sclater	86
Walker	87
The Deanery of Christchurch given to a Roman Catholic; Disposal of Bishoprics	88
Resolution of James to use his Ecclesiastical Supremacy against the Church	89
His Difficulties	90
He creates a new Court of High Commission	93
Proceedings against the Bishop of London	96
Discontent excited by the Public Display of Roman Catholic Rites and Vestments	97
Riots	99
A Camp formed at Hounslow	101
Samuel Johnson	102
Hugh Speke	103
Proceedings against Johnson	104
Zeal of the Anglican Church against Popery	106
The Roman Catholic Divines overmatched	107
State of Scotland	109
Queensberry; Perth and Melfort	110
Favour shown to the Roman Catholic Religion in Scotland; Riots at Edinburgh	112
Anger of the King	113
His Plans concerning Scotland; Deputation of Scotch Privy Councillors sent to London	114
Their Negotiations with the King	115
Meeting of the Scotch Estates; They prove refractory	116
They are adjourned; Arbitrary System of Government in Scotland	120
Ireland; State of the Law on the subject of Religion	122
Hostility of Races	123
Aboriginal Peasantry; Aboriginal Aristocracy	124
State of the English Colony	126
Course which James ought to have followed	128
His Errors	130
Clarendon arrives in Ireland as Lord Lieutenant	132
His Mortifications; Panic among the Colonists	133
Arrival of Tyrconnel at Dublin as General	136
His Partiality and Violence	137
He is bent on the Repeal of the Act of Settlement; He returns to England	138
The King displeased with Clarendon	139
Rochester attacked by the Jesuitical Cabal	140
Attempts of James to convert Rochester .	142
Dismission of Rochester	146
Dismission of Clarendon; Tyrconnel Lord Deputy	148
Dismay of the English Colonists in Ireland	150
Effect of the Fall of the Hydes	151
⁠
CHAPTER VII.
William, Prince of Orange; His Appearance	152
His early Life and Education	153
His theological Opinions	154
His military Qualifications	156
His Love of Danger: his bad Health	158
Coldness of his Manners and Strength of his Emotions; His Friendship for Bentinck	158
Mary, Princess of Orange	162
Gilbert Burnet	163
He brings about a good Understanding between the Prince and Princess	167
Relations between William and English Parties	169
His Feelings towards England; His Feelings towards Holland and France	169
His Policy consistent throughout	174
Treaty of Augsburg	177
William becomes the Head of the English Opposition	178
Mordaunt proposes to William a Descent on England	179
William rejects the Advice	180
Discontent in England after the Fall of the Hydes; Conversions to Popery; Peterborough; Salisbury	181
Wycherley; Tindal; Haines	182
Dryden	183
The Hind and Panther	186
Change in the Policy of the Court towards the Puritans	187
Partial Toleration granted in Scotland	192
Closeting; It is unsuccessful	193
Admiral Herbert	194
Declaration of Indulgence	195
Feeling of the Protestant Dissenters	197
Feelings of die Church of England	198
The Court and the Church	199
Letter to a Dissenter; Conduct of the Dissenters	202
Some of the Dissenters side with the Court; Care; Alsop; Rosewell; Lobb	205
Penn; The Majority of the Puritans are against the Court; Baxter	206
Howe; Bunyan	207
Kiffin	210
The Prince and Princess of Orange hostile to the Declaration of Indulgence	215
Their Views respecting the English Roman Catholics vindicated	217
Enmity of James to Burnet	223
Mission of Dykvelt to England; Negotiations of Dykvelt with English Statesmen	225
Dauby; Nottingham	226
Halifax; Devonshire	228
Edward Russell; Compton; Herbert	232
Churchill	233
Lady Churchill and the Princess Anne	234
Dykvelt returns to the Hague; with Letters from many eminent Englishmen	237
Zulestein's Mission	238
Growing Enmity between James and William	239
Influence of the Dutch Press; Correspondence of Stewart and Fagel	241
Castelmaine's Embassy to Rome	242
⁠
CHAPTER VIII.
Consecration of the Nuncio at St. James's Palace; His public Reception; The Duke of Somerset	247
Dissolution of the Parliament; Military Offences illegally punished	249
Proceedings of the High Commission; The Universities	252
Proceedings against the University of Cambridge	254
The Earl of Mulgrave	255
State of Oxford	258
Magdalene College, Oxford	260
Anthony Farmer recommended by the King for President	263
Election of the President	264
The Fellows of Magdalene cited before the High Commission	265
Parker recommended as President; The Charterhouse	266
The Royal Progress	267
The King at Oxford; He reprimands the Fellows of Magdalene	270
Penn attempts to mediate	271
Special Ecclesiastical Commissioners sent to Oxford	274
Protest of Hough; Parker	275
Ejection of the Fellows	277
Magdalene College turned into a Popish Seminary	278
Resentment of the Clergy	279
Schemes of the Jesuitical Cabal respecting the Succession	280
Scheme of James and Tyrconnel for preventing the Princess of Orange from succeeding to the Kingdom of Ireland	282
The Queen pregnant; General Incredulity	283
Feeling of the Constituent Bodies, and of the Peers	286
James determines to pack a Parliament	288
The Board of Regulators	289
Many Lords Lieutenants dismissed; The Earl of Oxford	290
The Earl of Shrewsbury	291
The Earl of Dorset	293
Questions put to the Magistrates; Their Answers; Failure of the King's Plans	297
List of Sheriffs; Character of the Roman Catholic Country Gentlemen	301
Feeling of the Dissenters	304
Regulation of Corporations	305
Inquisition in all the Public Departments	308
Dismission of Sawyer	310
Williams Solicitor General	311
Second Declaration of Indulgence; The Clergy ordered to read it	312
They hesitate; Patriotism of the Protestant Nonconformists of London	314
Consultation of the London Clergy	315
Consultation at Lambeth Palace	317
Petition of the Seven Bishops presented to the King	318
The London Clergy disobey the Royal Order	321
Hesitation of the Government	322
It is determined to prosecute the Bishops for a Libel	324
They are examined by the Privy Council	325
They are committed to the Tower	326
Birth of the Pretender; He is generally believed to be supposititious	328
The Bishops brought before the King's Bench and bailed	332
Agitation of the Public Mind	335
Uneasiness of Sunderland	336
He professes himself a Roman Catholic	337
Trial of the Bishops	338
The Verdict; Joy of the People	348
Peculiar State of Public Feeling at this time	353
⁠
CHAPTER IX.
Change in the Opinion of the Tories concerning the Lawfulness of Resistance	357
Russell proposes to the Prince of Orange a descent on England; Henry Sidney	365
Devonshire	366
Shrewsbury; Halifax; Danby	367
Bishop Compton	368
Nottingham; Lumley	369
Invitation to William despatched	370
Conduct of Mary	371
Difficulties of William's Enterprise	372
Conduct of James after the Trial of the Bishops	376
Dismissions and Promotions	378
Proceedings of the High Commission. Sprat resigns his Seat	379
Discontent of the Clergy; Transactions at Oxford	380
Discontent of the Gentry; Discontent of the Army	382
Irish Troops brought over; Public Indignation	384
Lillibullero	389
Politics of the United Provinces; Errors of the French King	390
His Quarrel with the Pope concerning Franchises	393
The Archbishopric of Cologne	394
Skilful Management of William	395
His Military and Naval Preparations	396
He receives numerous Assurances of Support from England	398
Sunderland	399
Anxiety of William; Warnings conveyed to James	403
Exertions of Lewis to save James	405
James frustrates them	406
The French Armies invade Germany	408
William obtains the Sanction of the States General to his Expedition	410
Schomberg; British Adventurers at the Hague	411
William's Declaration	413
James roused to a Sense of his Danger	415
His Naval Means	416
His Military Means: He attempts to conciliate his subjects	417
He gives Audience to the Bishops	419
His Concessions ill received	420
Proofs of the Birth of the Prince of Wales submitted to the Privy Council	423
Disgrace of Sunderland	425
William takes leave of the States of Holland	426
He embarks and sails; He is driven back by a Storm	427
His Declaration arrives in England; James questions the Lords	428
William sets sail a second time	430
He passes the Straits	432
He lands at Torbay	433
He enters Exeter	437
Conversation of the King with the Bishops	442
Disturbances in London	415
Men of Rank begin to repair to the Prince; Lovelace	416
Colchester; Abingdon	448
Desertion of Cornbury	419
Petition of the Lords for a Parliament	453
The King goes to Salisbury	455
Seymour; Court of William at Exeter	456
Northern Insurrection	457
Skirmish at Wincanton	460
Desertion of Churchill and Grafton	462
Retreat of the Royal Army from Salisbury	463
Desertion of Prince George and Ormond	464
Flight of the Princess Anne	465
Council of Lords held by James	467
He appoints Commissioners to treat with William	471
The Negotiation a Feint	472
Dartmouth refuses to send the Prince of Wales into France	474
Agitation of London	475
Forged Proclamation	476
Risings in various Parts of the Country	477
Clarendon joins the Prince at Salisbury; Dissension in the Prince's Camp	479
The Prince reaches Hungerford; Skirmish at Reading	482
The King's Commissioners arrive at Hungerford; Negotiation	483
The Queen and the Prince of Wales sent to France; Lauzun	489
The King's Preparations for Flight	492
His Flight	493
⁠
CHAPTER X.
The Flight of James known; Great Agitation	495
The Lords meet at Guildhall	496
Riots in London	499
The Spanish Ambassador's House sacked	501
Arrest of Jeffreys	502
The Irish Night	504
The King detained near Sheerness	508
The Lords order him to be set at liberty	513
William's Embarrassment	514
Arrest of Feversham; Arrival of James in London	515
Consultation at Windsor	517
The Dutch Troops occupy Whitehall; Message from the Prince delivered to James	521
James sets out for Rochester; Arrival of William at St. James's	522
He is advised to assume the Crown by Right of Conquest	521
He calls together the Lords and the Members of the Parliaments of Charles II.	526
Flight of James from Rochester	529
Debates and Resolutions of the Lords	530
Debates and Resolutions of the Commoners summoned by the Prince; A Convention called; Exertions of the Prince to restore Order	532
His tolerant Policy	533
Satisfaction of Roman Catholic Powers; State of Feeling in France	535
Reception of the Queen of England in France	537
Arrival of James at Saint Germains	538
State of Feeling in the United Provinces	540
Election of Members to serve in the Convention	541
Affairs of Scotland	542
State of Parties in England	545
Sherlock's Plan	547
Sancroft's Plan	549
Danby's Plan	551
The Whig Plan	553
Meeting of the Convention; Leading Members of the House of Commons	554
Choice of a Speaker	550
Debate on the State of the Nation	558
Resolution declaring the Throne vacant	500
It is sent up to the Lords; Debate in the Lords on the Plan of Regency	562
Schism between the Whigs and the Followers of Danby	569
Meeting at the Earl of Devonshire's	571
Debate in the Lords on the Question whether the Throne was vacant; Majority for the Negative; Agitation in London	573
Letter of James to the Convention	574
Debates; Negotiations; Letter of the Princess of Orange to Danby; The Princess Anne acquiesces in the Whig Plan	575
William explains his Views	577
The Conference between the Houses	579
The Lords yield; New Laws proposed for the Security of Liberty	581
Disputes and Compromise	583
The Declaration of Right	584
Arrival of Mary	586
Tender and Acceptance of the Crown	587
William and Mary proclaimed; Peculiar Character of the English Revolution	588

⁠
CHAPTER XI.
	PAGE.
William and Mary proclaimed in London	13
Rejoicings throughout England; Rejoicings in Holland	14
Discontent of the Clergy and of the Army	15
Reaction of Public Feeling	17
Temper of the Tories	18
Temper of the Whigs	21
Ministerial Arrangements	23
William his own Minister for Foreign Affairs	24
Danby	25
Halifax	26
Nottingham	27
Shrewsbury; The Board of Admiralty	29
The Board of Treasury; The Great Seal	30
The Judges	31
The Household	32
Subordinate Appointments	34
The Convention turned into a Parliament	35
The Members of the Two Houses required to take the Oaths	39
Questions relating to the Revenue	41
Abolition of the Hearth Money	43
Repayment of the Expenses of the United Provinces; Mutiny at Ipswich	45
The first Mutiny Bill	49
Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act	53
Unpopularity of William	54
Popularity of Mary	57
The Court removed from Whitehall to Hampton Court	60
The Court at Kensington	62
William's foreign Favourites	63
General Maladministration	65
Dissensions among Men in Office	67
Department of Foreign Affairs	71
Religious Disputes	72
The High Church Party	74
The Low Church Party	75
William's Views concerning Ecclesiastical Polity; Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury	77
Nottingham's Views concerning Ecclesiastical Polity	81
The Toleration Bill	83
The Comprehension Bill	90
The Bill for settling the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy	99
The Bill for settling the Coronation Oath	113
The Coronation	115
Promotions	118
The Coalition against France; The Devastation of the Palatinate	119
War declared against France	123
⁠
CHAPTER XII.
State of Ireland at the Time of the Revolution; The Civil Power in the hands of the Roman Catholics	125
The Military Power in the hands of the Roman Catholics	128
Mutual Enmity between the Englishry and the Irishry	128
Panic among the Englishry	129
History of the Town of Kenmare	130
Enniskillen	134
Londonderry	135
Closing of the Gates of Londonderry	137
Mountjoy sent to pacify Ulster	140
William opens a Negotiation with Tyrconnel	142
The Temples consulted	143
Richard Hamilton sent to Ireland on his Parole	144
Tyrconnel sends Mountjoy and Rice to France; Tyrconnel calls the Irish People to arms	146
Devastation of the Country	147
The Protestants in the South unable to resist	152
Enniskillen and Londonderry hold out; Richard Hamilton marches into Ulster with an Army	153
James determines to go to Ireland	155
Assistance furnished by Lewis to James	156
Choice of a French Ambassador to accompany James; The Count of Avaux	158
James lands at Kinsale; James enters Cork	160
Journey of James from Cork to Dublin	162
Discontent in England	165
Factions at Dublin Castle	166
James determines to go to Ulster; Journey of James to Ulster	172
The Fall of Londonderry expected	176
Succours arrive from England; Treachery of Lundy; The Inhabitants of Londonderry resolve to defend themselves	177
Their Character	179
Londonderry besieged	184
The Siege turned into a Blockade	185
Naval Skirmish in Bantry Bay	187
A Parliament summoned by James sits at Dublin	188
A Toleration Act passed	193
Acts passed for the Confiscation of the Property of Protestants	194
Issue of Base Money	198
The Great Act of Attainder	200
James prorogues his Parliament	203
Persecution of the Protestants in Ireland	204
Effect produced in England by the News from Ireland	206
Actions of the Enniskilleners	209
Distress of Londonderry	210
Expedition under Kirke arrives in Lough Foyle; Cruelty of Rosen	211
The Famine in Londonderry extreme	214
Attack on the Boom	217
The Siege of Londonderry raised	219
Operations against the Enniskilleners	222
Battle of Newton Butler	224
Consternation of the Irish	225
⁠
CHAPTER XIII.
The Revolution more violent in Scotland than in England	227
Election for the Convention; Rabbling of the Episcopal Clergy	229
State of Edinburgh	232
The Question of an Union between England and Scotland raised	233
Wish of the English Low Churchmen to preserve Episcopacy in Scotland	237
Opinions of William about Church Government in Scotland	238
Comparative Strength of Religious Parties in Scotland	240
Letter from William to the Scotch Convention; William's Instructions to his Agents in Scotland	241
The Dalrymples	242
Melville	245
James's Agents in Scotland: Dundee; Balcarras	246
Meeting of the Convention	249
Hamilton elected President	250
Committee of Elections; Edinburgh Castle summoned	251
Dundee threatened by the Covenanters	252
Letter from James to the Convention	254
Effect of James's Letter	255
Flight of Dundee	256
Tumultuous Sitting of the Convention	257
A Committee appointed to frame a Plan of Government	259
Resolutions proposed by the Committee	261
William and Mary proclaimed; The Claim of Right; Abolition of Episcopacy	262
Torture	264
William and Mary accept the Crown of Scotland	266
Discontent of the Covenanters	267
Ministerial Arrangements in Scotland; Hamilton; Crawford	269
The Dalrymples; Lockhart; Montgomery; Melville	270
Carstairs; The Club formed; Annandale; Ross	271
Hume; Fletcher of Saltoun	272
War breaks out in the Highlands; State of the Highlands	274
Peculiar Nature of Jacobitism in the Highlands	285
Jealousy of the Ascendency of the Campbells	288
The Stewarts and Macnaghtens; The Macleans	290
The Camerons; Lochiel	291
The Macdonalds	294
Feud between the Macdonalds and Mackintoshes; Inverness	294
Inverness threatened by Macdonald of Keppoch	296
Dundee appears in Keppoch's Camp	297
Insurrection of the Clans hostile to the Campbells	300
Tarbet's Advice to the Government	302
Indecisive Campaign in the Highlands	303
Military Character of the Highlanders	304
Quarrels in the Highland Army	309
Dundee applies to James for assistance; The War in the Highlands suspended	311
Scruples of the Covenanters about taking Arms for King William	312
The Cameronian Regiment raised	313
Edinburgh Castle surrenders	314
Session of Parliament at Edinburgh; Ascendency of the Club	315
Troubles in Athol	319
The war breaks out again in the Highlands	321
Death of Dundee	328
Retreat of Mackay	329
Effect of the battle of Killiecraukie; The Scottish Parliament adjourned	331
The Highland Army reinforced	334
Skirmish at Saint Johnston's	338
Disorders in the Highland Army	337
Mackay's Advice disregarded by the Scotch Ministers; The Cameronians stationed at Dunkeld	338
The Highlanders attack the Cameronians and are repulsed	339
Dissolution of the Highland Army	341
Intrigues of the Club; State of the Lowlands	342
⁠
CHAPTER XIV.
Disputes in the English Parliament; The Attainder of Russell reversed	343
Other Attainders reversed; Case of Samuel Johnson	346
Case of Devonshire; Case of Gates	347
Bill of Rights	355
Disputes about a Bill of Indemnity	358
Last Days of Jeffreys	360
The Whigs dissatisfied with the King	364
Intemperance of Howe; Attack on Caermarthen	366
Attack on Halifax	367
Preparations for a Campaign in Ireland	371
Schomberg	372
Recess of the Parliament; State of Ireland; Advice of Avaux	374
Dismission of Melfort; Schomberg lands in Ulster	378
Carrickf ergus taken; Schomberg advances into Leinster	379
The English and Irish Armies encamp near each other; Schomberg declines a Battle	381
Frauds of the English Commissariat	382
Conspiracy among the French Troops in the English Service	383
Pestilence in the English Army	384
The English and Irish Armies go into Winter Quarters	387
Various Opinions about Schomberg's Conduct	388
Maritime Affairs	389
Maladministration of Torrington	390
Continental Affairs	391
Skirmish at Walcourt; Imputations thrown on Marlborough	393
Pope Innocent XI. succeeded by Alexander VIII.	395
The High Church Clergy divided on the Subject of the Oaths	396
Arguments for taking the Oaths	397
Arguments against taking the Oaths	400
A great Majority of the Clergy take the Oaths	405
The Non jurors: Ken	407
Leslie; Sherlock	409
Hickes	411
Collier	412
Dodwell	414
Kettlewell; Fitzwilliam; General Character of the Nonjuring Clergy	416
The Plan of Comprehension; Tillotson	420
An Ecclesiastical Commission issued	421
Proceedings of the Commission	423
The Convocation of the Province of Canterbury summoned; Temper of the Clergy	427
The Clergy ill-affected towards the King	428
The Clergy exasperated against the Dissenters by the Proceedings of the Scotch Presbyterians	431
Constitution of the Convocation	433
Election of Members of Convocation	434
Ecclesiastical Preferments bestowed	435
Compton discontented	437
The Convocation meets	438
The High Churchmen a Majority of the Lower House of Convocation	439
Difference between the Two Houses of Convocation	441
The Lower House of Convocation proves unmanageable	442
The Convocation prorogued	443
⁠
CHAPTER XV.
The Parliament meets; Retirement of Halifax	445
Supplies voted; the Bill of Rights passed	446
Enquiry into Naval Abuses	448
Enquiry into the Conduct of the Irish War	449
Reception of Walker in England	451
Edmund Ludlow	453
Violence of the Whigs	456
Impeachments	457
Committee of Murder	458
Malevolence of John Hampden	459
1690. The Corporation Bill	462
Debates on the Indemnity Bill	468
Case of Sir Robert Sawyer	469
The King purposes to retire to Holland	473
He is induced to change his intention; the Whigs oppose his going to Ireland; He prorogues the Parliament	474
Joy of the Tories	476
Dissolution and General Election	478
Changes in the Executive Departments	480
Caermarthen then Chief Minister	481
Sir John Lowther	483
Rise and Progress of Parliamentary Corruption in England	484
Sir John Trevor	489
Godolphin retires	490
Changes at the Admiralty	491
Changes in the Commissions of Lieutenancy	492
Temper of the Whigs; Dealings of some Whigs with Saint Germains; Shrewsbury; Ferguson	494
Hopes of the Jacobites	496
Meeting of the New Parliament; Settlement of the Revenue	497
Provision for the Princess of Denmark	500
Bill declaring the Acts of the preceding Parliament valid	507
Debate on the Changes in the Lieutenancy of London	508
Abjuration Bill	509
Act of Grace	514
The Parliament prorogued; Preparations for the First War	517
Administration of James at Dublin	518
An Auxiliary Force sent from France to Ireland	520
Plan of the English Jacobites: Clarendon, Ailesbury, Dartmouth	523
Penn	524
Preston	525
The Jacobites betrayed by Fuller	526
Crone arrested	527
Difficulties of William	529
Conduct of Shrewsbury	530
The Council of Nine	533
Conduct of Clarendon; Penn held to bail	534
Interview between William and Burnet; William sets out for Ireland	535
Trial of Crone	536
Danger of Invasion and Insurrection; Tourville's Fleet in the Channel	538
Arrests of suspected Persons	539
Torrington ordered to give Battle to Tourville	540
Battle of Beachy Head	542
Alarm in London; Battle of Fleurus; Spirit of the Nation	543
Conduct of Shrewsbury	546

⁠
CHAPTER XVI.
	PAGE.
William lands at Carrickfergus and proceeds to Belfast	13
State of Dublin; William's Military Arrangements	15
William marches southward	17
The Irish Army retreats	18
The Irish make a stand at the Boyne	19
The Army of James	20
The Army of William	21
Walker, now Bishop of Derry, accompanies the Army	22
William reconnoitres the Irish Position	23
William is wounded	24
Battle of the Boyne	25
Flight of James	31
Loss of the Two Armies	32
Fall of Drogheda; State of Dublin	33
James flies to France; Dublin evacuated by the French and Irish Troops	35
Entry of William into Dublin	36
Effect produced in France by the News from Ireland	37
Effect produced at Rome by the News from Ireland	38
Effect produced in London by the News from Ireland	39
James arrives in France ; His Reception there	41
Tourville attempts a Descent on England	43
Teignmouth destroyed	45
Excitement of the English Nation against the French	47
The Jacobite Press	49
The Jacobite Form of Prayer and Humiliation	50
Clamour against the Nonjuring Bishops	51
Military Operations in Ireland; Waterford taken	53
The Irish Army collected at Limerick; Lauzun pronounces that the Place cannot be defended	55
The Irish insist on defending Limerick	56
Tyrconnel is against defending Limerick	58
Limerick defended by the Irish alone	59
Sarsfield surprises the English Artillery	60
Arrival of Baldearg O'Donnel at Limerick	62
The Besiegers suffer from the Rains; Unsuccessful Assault on Limerick; The Siege raised	64
Tyrconnel and Lauzun go to France; William returns to England	66
Reception of William in England	67
Expedition to the South of Ireland	67
Marlborough takes Cork; Marlborough takes Kinsale	69
Affairs of Scotland	71
Intrigues of Montgomery with the Jacobites	72
War in the Highlands	73
Fort William built; Meeting of the Scottish Parliament	74
Melville Lord High Commissioner; the Government obtains a Majority	75
Ecclesiastical Legislation	77
The Coalition between the Club and the Jacobites dissolved 83	83
The Chiefs of the Club betray each othe	84
General Acquiescence in the new Ecclesiastical Polity; Complaints of the Episcopalian	87
The Presbyterian Nonjuror	90
William dissatisfied with the Ecclesiastical Arrangements in Scotlan	93
Meeting of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotlan	94
State of Affairs on the Continent; the Duke of Savoy joins the Coalitio	95
Supplies voted; Ways and Mean	97
Proceedings against Torrington	100
Torrington's Trial and Acquittal	101
Animosity of the Whigs against Caermarthen	102
A Jacobite Plot	105
Meeting of the Leading Conspirators	106
The Conspirators determine to send Preston to Saint Germains	107
Papers entrusted to Preston	108
Information of the Plot given to Caernaarthen	110
Arrest of Preston and his Companions	111
⁠
CHAPTER XVII.
William's Voyage to Holland	113
William's Entrance into the Hague	115
Congress at the Hague	117
William his own Minister for Foreign Affairs	119
William obtains a Toleration for the Waldenses	122
Vices inherent in the nature of Coalitions	123
Siege and Fall of Mons	124
William returns to England; Trials of Preston and Ashton	125
Execution of Ashton; Preston's Irresolution and Confessions	128
Lenity shown to the Conspirators; Dartmouth	130
Turner	132
Penn; Death of George Fox: his Character	132
Interview between Penn and Sidney	138
Preston pardoned	139
Joy of the Jacobites at the Fall of Mons	140
The vacant Sees filled	141
Tillotson Archbishop of Canterbury	142
Conduct of Sancroft	145
Difference between Sancroft and Ken	146
Hatred of Sancroft to the Established Church. He provides for the Episcopal Succession among the Nonjurors	147
The New Bishops	149
Sherlock, Dean of Saint Paul's	150
Treachery of some of William's Servants	157
Russell	159
Godolphin	160
Marlborough	162
William returns to the Continent	166
The Campaign of 1691 in Flanders	168
The War in Ireland; State of the English Part of Ireland	169
State of the part of Ireland which was subject to James	173
Dissensions among the Irish at Limerick 176	176
Return of Tyrconnel to Ireland	178
Arrival of a French fleet at Limerick; Saint Ruth	179
The English take the Field; Fall of Ballymore; Siege and fall of Athlone	181
Retreat of the Irish Army	187
Saint Ruth determines to fight	189
Battle of Aghrim	191
Fall of Galway	194
Death of Tyrconnel; Second Siege of Limerick	196
The Irish desirous to capitulate	199
Negotiations between the Irish Chiefs and the Besiegers	200
The Capitulation of Limerick	202
The Irish troops required to make the Election between their country and France	205
Most of the Irish Troops volunteer for France	206
Many of the Irish who had volunteered for France desert	207
The last Division of the Irish Army sails from Cork to France	209
State of Ireland after the War	210
⁠
CHAPTER XVIII.
Opening of the Parliament	215
Debates on the Salaries and Fees of Official Men	216
Act excluding Papists from Public Trust in Ireland	218
Debates on the East India Trade	221
Debates on the Bill for regulating Trials in Cases of High Treason	240
Plot formed by Marlboro against the Government of William	219
Marlborough's plot disclosed by the Jacobites	254
1092. Disgrace of Marlborough; various reports touching the Cause of Marlborough's Disgrace	255
Rupture between Mary and Anne	257
Fuller's Plot	260
Close of the Session; Bill for ascertaining the Salaries of the Judges rejected	268
Ministerial changes in England	271
Ministerial Changes in Scotland	273
State of the Highlands	274
Breadalbane employed to negotiate with the Rebel clans	275
Glencoe	277
William goes to the Continent; Death of Louvois	300
The French Government determines to send an Expedition against England; James believes that the English fleet is friendly to him	303
Conduct of Russell	304
A Daughter born to James; Preparations made in England to Repel Invasion	307
James goes down to his Army at La Hogue	308
James's Declaration	309
Effect produced by James's Declaration	311
The English and Dutch fleets join; Temper of the English Fleet	315
Battle of La Hogue	317
Rejoicings in England	321
Young's Plot	321
⁠
CHAPTER XIX.
Foreign Policy of William	335
The Northern powers	336
The Pope; Conduct of the Allies	307
The Emperor; Spain	340
William succeeds in preventing the Dissolution of the Coalition	341
New Arrangements for the Government of the Spanish Netherlands	344
Lewis takes the field	345
Siege of Namur	346
Lewis returns to Versailles; Luxemburg	351
Battle of Steinkirk	354
Conspiracy of Grandval	360
Return of William to England	363
Naval Maladministration	364
Earthquake at Port Royal; Distress in England	367
Increase of Crime	368
Meeting of Parliament; State of Parties; The King's Speech	371
Question of Privilege raised by the Lords; Debates on the State of the Nation	373
Bill for the Regulation of Trials in Cases of Treason	380
Case of Lord Mohun	381
Debates on the India Trade; Supply	384
Ways and Means; Land Tax	385
Origin of the National Debt	390
Parliamentary Reform	401
The Place Bill	407
The Triennial Bill; 1693	411
The first Parliamentary Discussion on the Libeity of the Press	415
State of Ireland	428
The King refuses to pass the Triennial Bill	433
Ministerial Arrangements	436
The King goes to Holland; A Session of Parliament in Scotland	439
⁠
CHAPTER XX.
State of the Court of Saint Germains	444
Feeling of the Jacobites. Compounders and Non-Compounders	448
Change of Ministry at Saint Germains: Middleton	451
New Declaration put forth by James	454
Effect of the New Declaration	456
French preparations for the Campaign; Institution of the Order of Saint Lewis; Middleton's Account of Versailles	458
William's Preparations for the Campaign	461
Lewis takes the Field	462
Lewis returns to Versailles	463
Manoeuvres of Luxemburg	465
Battle of Landen	466
Miscarriage of the Smyrna Fleet	473
Excitement in London	476
Jacobite Libels: William Anderton	477
Writings and Artifices of the Jacobites	480
Conduct of Caermarthen	483
New Charter granted to the East India Company	484
Return of William to England: military Successes of France	486
Distress of France	487
A Ministry necessary to Parliamentary Government	492
The First Ministry gradually formed	494
Sunderland	495
Sunderland advises the King to give the preference to the Whigs; Reasons for preferring the Whigs	500
Chiefs of the Whig Party; Russell	502
Somers	503
Montague	506
Wharton	510
Chiefs of the Tory Party; Harley	514
Foley; Howe	519
Meeting of Parliament; Debates about the Naval Miscarriages	521
Russell First Lord of the Admiralty; Retirement of Nottingham	523
Shrewsbury refuses Office	524
Debates about the Trade with India	525
Bill for the Regulation of Trials in Cases of Treason; Triennial Bill	528
Place Bill	531
Bill for the Naturalization of Foreign Protestants 535	535
Supply	537
Ways and Means: Lottery Loan	538
1694; the Bank of England	540
Prorogation of Parliament: Ministerial Arrangements; Shrewsbury Secretary of State	552
New Titles bestowed	554
French Plan of War; English Plan of War	555
Expedition against Brest	557
Naval Operations in the Mediterranean	561
War by Land	563
Complaints of Trenchard's Administration	564
The Lancashire Prosecutions	565
Meeting of the Parliament; Death of Tillotson	570
Tenison Archbishop of Canterbury; Debates on the Lancashire Prosecutions	571
Place Bill; Bill for the Regulation of Trials in Cases of Treason; The Triennial Bill passed	574
Death of Mary	575
Funeral of Mary	579
Greenwich Hospital founded	580

⁠
CHAPTER XXI.
	PAGE.
Effect of Mary's Death on the Continent	13
Death of Luxemburg	14
Distress of William; Parliamentary Proceedings: Emancipation of the press	15
Death of Halifax	18
Parliamentary Enquiries into the Corruption of the Public Offices	20
Vote of Censure on the Speaker	24
Foley elected Speaker, Enquiry into the Accounts of the East India Company	25
Suspicious Dealings of Seymour	26
Bill against Sir Thomas Cook	27
Enquiry by a joint Committee of Lords and Commons	28
Impeachment of Leeds	30
Disgrace of Leeds	34
Lords Justices appointed; Reconciliation between William and the Princess Anne	35
Jacobite Plots against William's Person	38
Charnock	40
Porter; Goodman; Parkyns	41
Fenwick	42
Session of the Scottish Parliament; Inquiry into the Slaughter of Glencoe	42
War in the Netherlands: Marshal Villeroy	51
The Duke of Maine	52
Jacobite Plots against the Government during William's Absence	54
Siege of Namur	55
Surrender of the Town of Namur	59
Surrender of the Castle of Namur	64
Arrest of Boultiers	65
Effect of the Emancipation of the English Press	69
Return of William to England: Dissolution of the Parliament	74
William makes a Progress through the Country	76
The Elections	80
Alarming State of the Currency	85
Meeting of the Parliament: Loyalty of the House of Commons	100
Controversy touching the Currency	102
Parliamentary Proceedings touching the Currency	103
Passing of the Act regulating Trials in Cases of High Treason	106
Parliamentary Proceedings touching the Grant of Crown Lands in Wales to Portland	108
Two Jacobite Plots formed	110
Berwick's Plot; the Assassination Plot. Sir George Barclay.	111
Failure of Berwick's Plot	118
Detection of the Assassination Plot	120
Parliamentary Proceedings touching the Assassination Plot	126
State of Public Feeling	127
Trial of Charnock, King, and Keyes	129
Execution of Charnock, King, and Keyes	133
Trial of Friend	134
Trial of Parkyns	135
Execution of Friend and Parkyns	137
Trials of Rookwood, Cranburne, and Lowick; The Association	139
Bill for the Regulation ot Elections	144
Act establishing a Land Bank	147
⁠
CHAPTER XXII.
Military Operations in the Netherlands; Commercial Crisis in England	150
Financial Crisis	154
Efforts to restore the Currency	158
Distress of the People: their Temper and Conduct	160
Negotiations with France; The Duke of Savoy dessrts the Coalition	163
Search for Jacobite Conspirators in England: Sir John Fenwick	165
Capture of Fenwick	167
Fenwick's Confession	169
Return of William to England	176
Meeting of Parliament: State of the Country; Speech of William at the commencement of the Session	177
Resolutions of the House of Commons	178
Return of Prosperity	180
Effect of the Proceedings of the House of Commons on Foreign Governments	181
Restoration of the Finances	182
Effects of Fenwick's Confession	163
Resignation of Godolphin; Feeling of the Whigs about Fenwick	185
William examines Fenwick	186
Disappearance of Goodman	187
Parliamentary Proceedings touching Fenwick's Confession	188
Bill for attainting Fenwick	190
Debates of the Commons on the Bill of Attainder	191
The Bill of Attainder carried up to the Lords	201
Artifices of Monmouth	202
Debates of the Lords on the Bill of Attainder	204
Proceedings against Monmouth	209
Position and Feelings of Shrewsbury	212
The Bill of Attainder passed	213
Attempts to save Fenwick	214
Fenwick's Execution; Bill for regulating Elections	215
Bill for the Regulation of the Press	218
Bill abolishing the Privileges of Whitefriars and the Savoy	219
Close of the Session: Promotions and Appointments	221
State of Ireland	224
State of Scotland; A Session of Parliament at Edinburgh; Act for the Settling of Schools	225
Case of Thomas Aikenhead	226
Military Operations in the Netherlands	229
Terms of Peace offered by France; Conduct of Spain	230
Conduct of the Emperor; Congress of Ryswick	232
William opens a distinct Negotiation	235
Meeting of Portland and Boufflers	237
Terms of Peace between France and England settled	239
Difficulties caused by Spain and the Emperor	241
Attempts of James to prevent a general Pacification; The Treaty of Ryswick signed	243
Anxiety in England; News of the Peace arrives in England	244
Dismay of the Jacobites	245
General Rejoicing; The King's Entry into London	246
The Thanksgiving Day	248
⁠
CHAPTER XXIII.
Standing Armies	253
Sunderland; Lord Spencer	255
Controversy touching Standing Armies	258
Meeting of Parliament; The King's Speech well received; Debate on a Peace Establishment	266
Sunderland attacked	267
The Nation averse to a Standing Army	271
Mutiny Act; The Navy	273
Acts concerning High Treason	274
Earl of Clancarty	276
Ways and Means	278
Rights of the Sovereign in reference to Crown Lands	279
Proceedings in Parliament on Grants of Crown Lands	281
Montague accused of Peculation	282
Bill of Pains and Penalties against Duncombe	286
Dissension between the Houses	293
Commercial Questions	294
Irish Manufactures	297
East India Companies	302
Fire at Whitehall	308
Visit of the Czar	310
Portland's Embassy to France	318
The Spanish Succession	329
The Count of Tallard's Embassy	343
Newmarket Meeting: the insecure State of the Roads	345
Further Negotiations relating to the Spanish Succession	346
The King goes to Holland	349
Portland returns from his Embassy	350
William is reconciled to Marlborough	351
⁠
CHAPTER XXIV.
Altered Position of the Ministry	354
The Elections	357
First Partition Treaty	361
Domestic Discontent	372
Littleton chosen Speaker	373
King's Speech	374
Proceedings relating to the Amount of the Land Force	375
Unpopularity of Montague	381
Bill for disbanding the Army	392
The King's Speech	393
Death of the Electoral Prince of Bavaria	394
Renewed Discussion of the Army Question	396
Naval Administration	401
Commission on Irish Forfeitures	403
Prorogation of Parliament; Changes in the Ministry and Household	404
Spanish Succession	409
⁠
CHAPTER XXV.
Trial of Spencer Cowper	447
Duels	451
Discontent of the Nation	453
Captain Kidd	456
Meeting of Parliament	461
Attacks on Burnet	464
Renewed Attack on Somers	465
Question of the Irish Forfeitures; Dispute between the Houses	468
Somers again attacked	487
Prorogation of Parliament	489
Death of James the Second	490
The Pretender recognised as King	497
Return of the King	500
General Election	502
Death of William	505

Notes

• Notes to Volume I
• Notes to Volume II
• Notes to Volume III
• Notes to Volume IV
• Notes to Volume V