This is the sandbox of Librovore/Sandbox. A sandbox is a subpage of a template or article used to test a change to the main article or template before deploying said changes. Once you have finished with the test, please erase the contents of this page leaving this box ({{Sandbox notice}}) in place.
Foreword to the Royal Chronicle: Lūang Prasœ̄t Version
Phra Pariyattithammathādā (Phǣ Parīan),[1] whilst still being Lūang Prasœ̄tʿaksǭnnit,[2] discovered a manuscript containing this royal chronicle at the house of a private citizen. He then asked for it to be given to the Wachirayān Royal Library on 19 June 2450 BE.[3] Finding it was a royal chronicle distinguished from the other existing versions, the Board of the Royal Library named it the Royal Chronicle: Lūang Prasœ̄t Version to honour the person who discovered it and brought it to the Royal Library.
This royal chronicle contains a preamble declaring that it is a royal document which King Nārāi the Great ordered to be composed on Wednesday, the twelfth waxing-moon day of the fifth month of the Year of the Monkey, Year Two, 1042 LE.[4] Its contents commence with the construction of a Buddha statue, Lord Phanan Chœ̄ng, in the year 686 LE.[5] It is not known at which point of time the contents should end because the manuscript obtained by the Royal Library only consists of a single volume which stops short in the Year of the Dragon, Year Six, 866 LE,[6] during the reign of King Narēsūan, when an army was prepared for attacking the city of ʿAngwa. My speculation is that there might be one more volume, being the second volume, of which the contents would end in the reign of King Prāsātthǭng at most.
The manuscript obtained was written in gamboge ink on a blackened book with the Old Kingdom[7] penmanship. There are traces of rain drops which damped and blurred the writing in many places, but the remaining strokes make most of the indistinct parts legible still. The Board of the Royal Library had the Royal Chronicle: Lūang Prasœ̄t Version published for the first time in 126 RE,[8] the year it was obtained. Later in this Year of the Ox, Year Five, 2456 BE,[9] the Royal Library obtained a two-volume manuscript containing the same royal chronicle as the Lūang Prasœ̄t Version, being a royal document of the King of Thonburī[10] written on Thai folding books in the Year of the Horse, Year Six, 2317 BE.[11] This brought delight to me as I was expecting to get the complete contents of this royal chronicle. But when the two versions were compared together, it appeared that the royal document of the King of Thonburī is a copy of this Lūang Prasœ̄t manuscript itself because in the end it stops short with the very same words as the Lūang Prasœ̄t Version. So it became known that this Royal Chronicle: Lūang Prasœ̄t Version had been like this since the time of Thonburī, ruining my hope to find further contents of its. Yet, the obtained manuscript of the King of Thonburī affords one benefit: it offers in full the parts which, in the Lūang Prasœ̄tʿaksǭnnit’s manuscript, have become indistinct.
Although the information stated in the Royal Chronicle: Lūang Prasœ̄t Version is in an abridged style, the chronicle contains a great many accounts not found in the other royal chronicles and, importantly, the dates and times in it are accurate and its chronology is more reliable than the other royal chronicles. Thus, the Royal Chronicle: Lūang Prasœ̄t Version serves as one of the main sources for verifying royal chronicles.
Royal Chronicle of the Old Kingdom: Luang Prasoet Version
Let good happen! On Wednesday, the twelfth waxing-moon day of the fifth month of the year 1042, the Year of the Monkey Sign (2223 BE),[4][His Majesty,][13]being above all heads and pates, was pleased to declare a decree that the records of events written by court astromancers[14]since days of yore and the records of events found in the Hall of Document be taken out, and the events contained in those royal histories be copied into one and the same volume, arranged by year up to this time.
In the year 686 Lesser Era, the Year of the Rat (1867 BE),[15] the building of the buddha Lord Phanaeng Choeng[16] was commenced.
In the year 712, the Year of the Tiger (1893 BE), on Friday, the sixth waxing-moon day of the fifth month, at the time of three nalika and nine bat after the dayspring,[17] the building of the kingdom, the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya, was commenced.
In the year 731, the Year of the Rooster (1912 BE),[18] the erection of Phra Ram Temple was commenced. On that occasion, His Divine Highness Ramathibodi the Lord passed into nirvana.[19] So His royal son, His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord, assumed kingship. Once it reached the year 712, the Year of the Dog (1913 BE),[20] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord came in from Suphan Buri Town and ascended to kingship over the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya, and He then had His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord go to assume kingship of Lop Buri Town.
In the year 733, the Year of the Pig (1914 BE),[21] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord went to take northern towns and conquered all the northern towns.
In the year 734, the Year of the Rat (1915 BE),[22] [His Divine Highness] went to take Nakhon Phangkha Town and Saengchrao[23] Town. [He] conquered the towns.
In the year 735, the Year of the Ox (1916 BE),[24] [His Divine Highness] went unto Chakangrao Town, and Phaya Saikaeo, together with Phaya Khamhaeng, lord of Chakangrao Town, came out to fight and strive against him. He smote Phaya Saikaeo unto death, whilst Phaya Khamhaeng and all his men successfully fled into the town. Then the royal host returned home.
In the year 736, the Year of the Ox (1917 BE),[25] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord, together with the high priest[26] Thammakanlayan, commenced the building of Phra Si Rattana Maha That[27] [in] the eastern sector. Facing the Gable With Rows of Lions,[28] it stood one sen and three wa tall.
In the year 737, the Year of the Rabbit (1918 BE),[29] [His Divine Highness] went to take Phitsanulok Town and, on that occasion, captured the person of Khun Samkaeo, lord of the town, as well as a great number of migrant households.
In the year 738, the Year of the Dragon (1919 BE),[30] [His Divine Highness] went to take Chakangrao Town. On that occasion, Phaya Khamhaeng and Thao Phakhong bethought themselves that they should halt the royal host; and being unlikely to succeed, Thao Phakhong then recalled his troops and took flight; and [His Divine Highness] then proceeded to march [His] royal host after them; and Thao Phakhong was put to rout; and, on that occasion, captured were many of the royalty and nobility, both senior and junior. Then the royal host returned.
In the year 740, the Year of the Horse (1921 BE),[31] [His Divine Highness] went to take Chakangrao Town. On that occasion, Mahathammaracha came out to fight the royal host with all his might; and finding it impossible to strive against the royal host, Mahathammaracha then came out to offer homage.
In the year 748, the Year of the Tiger (1929 BE),[32] [His Divine Highness] went to take Chiang Mai Town, and He ordered [his soldiers] to approach and seize Nakhon Lamphang Town to no avail. He then devised a missive and sent it in to Muen Nakhon, lord of Nakhon Lamphang Town. That lord of Nakhon Lamphang Town thus came out to offer homage. Then the royal host returned.
'Twas the year 750, the Year of the Dragon (1931 BE),[33] when [His Divine Highness] went to take Chakangrao Town. On that occasion, His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord fell heavily ill and set back. As He reached the middle of His route, His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord entered nirvana,[19] and His child, Chao Thonglan, was able to assume kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya for seven days, whereupon His Divine Highness Ramesuan marched His men in from Lop Buri Town and ascended to kingship over the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya, and He then had Chao Thonglan put to death.
In the year 757, the Year of the Pig (1938 BE),[34] His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord entered nirvana.[19] So His royal son, Chaophaya Ram, assumed kingship.
In the year 771, the Year of the Ox (1952 BE),[35] His Highness Phaya Ram the Lord kindled His ire against Lord Commander[36] and He ordered arrest of Lord Commander. Lord Commander made good his escape and crossed over to take up quarters on the side of Patha Khu Cham.[37] Then Lord Commander sent to invite His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord to come from Suphan Buri Town, telling Him that he would march men in to take the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya as His present. And as His Divine Highness Intharacha arrived truly, Lord Commander marched his men in to seize the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya successfully. So His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord was invited to ascend to kingship, and He then sent His Highness Phaya Ram the Lord to administer[38] the town of Patha Khu Cham.
In the year 781, the Year of the Pig (1962 BE),[39] there came tidings that His Divinity Mahathammarachathirat the Lord had entered nirvana[19] and all the northern towns fell into tumult, and so [His Divine Highness] fared north unto Phra Bang Town. On that occasion. Phaya Banmueang and Phaya Ram came out to offer homage.
In the year 786, the Year of the Dragon (1967 BE),[40] His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord fell ill and entered nirvana.[19] On that occasion, His royal sons, Chao Ai Phaya and Chao Yi Phaya, fought each other on elephants at Pa Than Bridge.[41] Both of them passed into the Abode of the Brave[42] there. Thus a royal son, Chao Sam Phaya, was enabled to assume kingship over the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya under the name of His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord, and He then had two pagodas erected to cover the very spot at the Pa Than Bridge district where Chaophaya Ai and Chaophaya Yi fought each other to death on elephants. In that year, He built Ratchabun Temple.
In the year 793, the Year of the Pig (1974 BE),[43] His Divine Highness Borommaracha the Lord went to take the town of Nakhon Luang,[44] which He conquered, and He then permitted His royal child, His Divinity Nakhon-in the Lord, to assume kingship at that town of Nakhon Luang. On that occasion, He then had Phaya Kaeo Phaya Thai[45] and all images[46] taken to the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya.
In the year 800, the Year of the Horse (1981 BE),[47] [at that] time, His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord erected Maheyong Temple [to mark His] assumption of kingship, and His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord, who was His royal child, went unto Phitsanulok Town. On that occasion, the buddha Phra Chinnarat[48] was seen shedding tears of blood.
In the year 802, the Year of the Monkey (1983 BE),[49] on that occasion, a fire broke out and devoured the royal residence.
In the year 803, the Year of the Rooster (1984 BE),[50] on that occasion, a fire broke out and devoured the Hall of Tri Muk.[51]
In the year 804, the Year of the Dog (1985 BE),[52] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord went to take Chiang Mai Town; and He failed to approach and seize the town, for with an illness He came down; and His royal host returned.
In the year 806, the Year of the Rat (1987 BE),[53] [His Divine Highness] went to suppress factions,[54] and He set His royal host in the district of Pathai Khasem.[55] On that occasion, having taken twelve myriad captives, the royal host returned.
In the year 810, the Year of the Dragon (1991 BE),[56] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord entered nirvana.[19] So His royal child, His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord, assumed kingship under the name of His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord.
In the year 813, the Year of the Goat (1994 BE),[57] on that occasion, the high king[58] came to take Chakangrao Town. Having conquered it, he came to take Sukhothai Town. Failing to approach and seize the town, he retired his host and returned.
In the year 816, the Year of the Dog (1997 BE),[59] on that occasion, the evil bane[60] befell all the people that so many died.
In the year 817, the Year of the Pig (1998 BE),[61] a host was commissioned to go and take Malaka Town.
In the year 818, the Year of the Rat (1999 BE),[62] a host was commissioned to go and take Li Sop Thin Town. On that occasion, [His Divine Highness] went to reinforce the host, faring north to set His royal host in Khon District.
In the year 819, the Year of the Ox (2000 BE),[63] on that occasion, rice was dear, being eight hundred bia per thanan. When reckoned at the rate of one bia equal to eight hundred fueang, a cartload cost three chang and ten bat.
In the year 820, the Year of the Tiger (2001 BE),[64] on that occasion, it was decreed that the religion be perfectly perfected[65] and images of five hundred lives[66] of bodhisattvas be cast.
In the year 822, the Year of the Dragon (2003 BE),[67] great entertainments[68] were performed to celebrate the idols[69] and royal gifts were granted unto all monks, and brahmans, and mendicants. On that occasion, the ruler of Saliang[70] plotted treason. He brought all the households unto the high king[58] as his vassals.
In the year 823, the Year of the Snake (2004 BE),[71] the ruler of Saliang led the high king[58] in, intending to take Phitsanulok Town. Having approached to seize the town with all their might, they could not conquer the town. And they then marched their host aside to take Kamphaeng Phet Town. And having approached to seize the town for all of seven days, they could not conquer the town. Then the high king retired his host and returned unto Chiang Mai.
In the year 824, the Year of the Horse (2005 BE),[72] Nakhon Thai Town took migrant households away unto Nan Town, and Phra Kalahom[73] was sent after them and gat them back. Then Phra Kalahom marched his men to take Sukhothai Town and gat the town back as afore.
In the year 825, the Year of the Goat (2006 BE),[74] His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord went to assume kingship of Phitsanulok Town and directed a lord of land to assume kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya under the name of His Highness Borommaracha. On that occasion, the high king[58] Thao Luk marched his men in to take Sukhothai Town. So His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord and His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord fared forth to defend the town. And His Divine Highness Borommaracha[75] the Lord rent asunder the host of Phaya Thian, and His host came into confrontation with the host of Muen Nakhon, and He did engage in a fight on elephants with Muen Nakhon, and a great chaos occurred on that occasion, and four Lao[76] foes on elephants approached and beset His sole royal elephant mount. In that event, His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord was hit in the face with a shot[77] and the host of that high king retired and returned home.
In the year 826, the Year of the Monkey (2007 BE),[78] His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord erected an image hall[79] [at] Chulamani Temple.
In the year 827, the Year of the Rooster (2009 BE),[80] His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord entered the priesthood at Chulamani Temple for eight months, whereupon He left the priesthood.
In the year 830, the Year of the Rat (2011 BE),[81] on that occasion, the high king, Thao Bun, usurped Chiang Mai Town from Thao Luk.[82]
In the year 833, the Year of the Rabbit (2014 BE),[83] a white elephant was obtained.
In the year 834, the Year of the Dragon (2015 BE),[84] His royal son was born.
In the year 835, the Year of the Serpent (2016 BE),[85] Muen Nakhon had gold peeled off from idols[86] to gild [his] sword.
In the year 836, the Year of the Horse (2017 BE),[87] [His Divine Highness] went to take Chaliang Town.
In the year 837, the Year of the Goat (2018 BE),[88] the high king[58] asked to come and establish amity.
In the year 839, the Year of the Rooster (2020 BE),[89] the founding of Nakhon Thai Town was commenced.
In the year 841, the Year of the Pig (2022 BE),[90] Phra Siharatdecho met his fate.
In the year 842, the Year of the Rat (2023 BE),[91] the ruler of Lan Chang met his fate and [His Divine Highness] permitted the ruler of Sai Khao to be anointed as the ruler of Lan Chang in his place.
In the year 844, the Year of the Tiger (2025 BE),[92] He had great entertainments[68] performed for fifteen days to celebrate Phra Si Rattana Maha That[27] and then perfectly finished composing Mahachat Khamluang.[93]
In the year 845, the Year of the Hare (2026 BE),[94] His Divine Highness Borommaracha the Lord went to corral elephants[95] in Sai Yoi District.
In the year 846, the Year of the Dragon (2027 BE),[96] His Divine Highness Chetthathirat the Lord and His Divine Highness the Royal Son, His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord, both entered the priesthood.
In the year 847, the Year of the Serpent (2028 BE),[97] His royal son left the priesthood and that Divine Being was instituted in the position of high viceroy.[98]
In the year 848, the Year of the Horse (2029 BE),[99] His Divine Highness went to corral elephants[95] in Samrit Burana District.
In the year 849, the Year of the Goat (2030 BE),[100] Thao Maharat Luk[101] passed into the Abode of the Brave.[42]
In the year 850, the Year of the Monkey (2031 BE),[102] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord went to take Thawai Town, and when the town was about to be taken, ill omens took place in various forms: a cow dropped a calf with eight legs; a hen hatched a four-legged chick out of an egg; a hen hatched six chicks out of three eggs; in addition, white rice[103] grew into leaves. Furthermore, in that same year, His Divine Highness Borommatrailok passed into nirvana[19] in Phitsanulok Town.
In the year 852, the Year of the Dog (2033 BE),[104] inauguration of the erection of the walls of Phichai Town was ordered.
In the year 853, the Year of the Pig (2034 BE),[105] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord entered nirvana.[19] Thus His Divine Highness Chetthathirat the Lord assumed kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya under the name of His Divine Highness Ramathibodi.
In the year 854, the Year of the Rat (2035 BE),[106] grand stupas were instituted for the relics of His Divine Highness Borommatrailok and His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord.
In the year 858, the Year of the Dragon (2039 BE),[107] He conducted the rite of Twenty-Five[108] for Himself and had the Ocean Churning rite[109] performed.
In the year 859, the Year of the Serpent (2040 BE),[110] He had the rite of Primary Action[111] held.
In the year 861, the Year of the Goat (2042 BE),[112] inaugurated was the building of an image hall[79] [at] Si Sanphet Temple.
In the year 862, the Year of the Ape (2043 BE),[113] His Divine Highness Ramathibodi the Lord ordered inauguration of the casting of the buddha Phra Si Sanphet and the casting was inaugurated on Sunday, the 8th waxing-moon day of the 6th month.[114] Once it reached the year 865, the Year of the Boar (2046 BE),[115] on Friday, the 11th waxing-moon day of the 8th month,[116] celebrations were held for the buddha Phra Si Sanphet. Measured from his feet to the top of his aureole, that buddha was eight wa tall; his face was four sok long; the width of his face was three sok; and his chest was eleven sok wide. And the bronze cast into that buddha weighed five myriad and three thousand chang. The gold coating him weighed five myriad and three thousand chang: in the front was the seventh-grade gold weighing and two kha, in the back was the sixth-grade gold weighing two kha.
In the year 877, the Year of the Boar (2058 BE),[117] on Tuesday, the 15th waxing-moon day of the 11th month,[118] at the time of eight chan,[119] three roek, and nine roek after the dayspring, His Divine Highness Ramathibodi went unto Nakhon Lamphang Town. He conquered the town.
In the year 880, the Year of the Tiger (2061 BE),[120] as His Divine Highness Ramathibodi [had] built Phra Si Sanphet [to mark his] assumption of kingship, [the writing of] the treatise Phichai Songkhram[121] was commenced and the making of sarabanchi[122]phra ratcha samrit[123] was commenced in every town.
In the year 886, the Year of the Monkey (2067 BE),[124] on that occasion, a tusk of the regal elephant Chaophaya Prap was seen cracking lengthwise on the right side.[125] In addition, in the seventh month, someone posted anonymous letters. In that event, many officials[126] were condemned unto death.
In the year 887, the Year of the Rooster (2068 BE),[127] water was scarce, ruining the rice entirely. Moreover, the earth quaked in every town and ill omens took place in various forms. Once came the next year, the year 888, the Year of the Dog (2069 BE),[128] rice was dear, being one fueang per thanan. [When reckoned at the rate of] one bia equal to eight hundred [fueang], a cartload cost one chang and six tamlueng. On that occasion, High Higness Nophutthangkun[129] the Lord was instituted in the position of viceroy[98] and was sent north to rule Phitsanulok Town.
In the year 891, the Year of the Ox (2072 BE),[130] an aerial omen, like a bow of Indra,[131] white in colour, was seen crossing the firmament from the southwest unto the northwest. On Sunday, the 8th waxing-moon day of the 12th month,[132] His Divine Highness Ramathibodi the Lord went unto the Hall of Ho Phra.[133] As night fell on that day, His Divine Highness Ramathibodi the Lord entered nirvana.[19] Thus His Divine Highness Athit the Lord assumed kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya under the name of His Highness Borommaracha Nophutthangkun.[129]
In the year 895, the Year of the Snake (2076 BE),[134] His Divine Highness Borommaracha Nophutthangkun entered nirvana.[19] Thus His Divine Highness the Royal Child was enabled to assume kingship.
In the year 896, the Year of the Horse (2077 BE),[135] an incident happened[136] unto that royal child. Thus kingship devolved upon His Divinity Chairachathirat the Lord.
In the year 900, the Year of the Dog (2081 BE),[137] the heaping up of soil at Chi Chiang Temple was ordered to be commenced. In the sixth month, the establishment of buddhas and pagodas was commenced. It fell upon the eleventh month that [His Divine Highness] went unto Chiang Krai [and] Chiang Kran. It fell upon the fourth month, the ninth waxing-moon day,[138] the time around the first watch of the evening, that a gale gusted vigorously, and the bow of the barge Om Kaeo Saen Mueang Ma[139] broke, and the barge Krai Kaeo shattered. Moreover, when [His Divine Highness] proceeded from[140] Kamphaeng Phet Town, [He] said Phaya Narai was plotting treason and had Phaya Narai arrested and slain in the town of Kamphaeng Phet.
In the year 907, the Year of the Snake (2088 BE),[141] on Wednesday, the fourth waxing-moon day of the seventh month,[142] His Divine Highness Chairachathirat the Lord went unto Chiang Mai with the ruler of Phitsanulok as the vanguard, and He marched His men out to be organised into the hosts of triumph[143] in Bang Ban District. On Saturday, the fourteenth waxing-moon day of the seventh month,[144] He then marched His royal hosts from the site of the hosts of triumph unto Kamphaeng Phet Town. It fell upon Tuesday, the ninth waning-moon day of the seventh month,[145] that He went out to organise the hosts of triumph in Kamphaeng Phet Town. It fell upon Sunday, the fourteenth waning-moon day of the seventh month,[146] that He marched His hosts unto, and set them in, Chiang Thong, whereupon He marched them unto, and set them in, Chiang Mai Town. It fell upon Sunday, the fourth waxing-moon day of the ninth month,[147] that the royal hosts returned from Chiang Mai Town. It fell upon Thursday, the fifteenth waxing-moon day of the ninth month,[148] that the royal hosts reached Kamphaeng Phet Town, whereupon [His Divine Highness] proceeded unto the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya. As for the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya, on Wednesday, the fourteenth waxing-moon day of the third month,[149] a fire broke out and went on for three days afore it could be quenched, and a myriad and fifty houses were then reported to have been burnt thereby. On Sunday, the eleventh waxing-moon day of the second month,[150] His Divine Highness Chairachathirat the Lord went unto Chiang Mai Town, and He had the ruler of Phitsanulok as His vanguard and proceeded unto Kamphaeng Phet Town, bringing His royal hosts with Him. He overnighted with His royal hosts in Kamphaeng Phet Town for a month. It fell upon Thursday, the sixth waxing-moon day of the third month,[151] that [He] went out to organise the hosts of triumph.[143] It fell upon Sunday, the ninth waxing-moon day of the third month,[152] that [He] then marched the royal hosts unto the town of Chiang Mai, and on Tuesday, the third waxing-moon day of the fourth month,[153] conquered was the town of Lamphun Chai. On Friday, the thirteenth waxing-moon day of the fourth month,[154] an ill omen happened: blood was seen stuck upon the doors of all homes, and houses, and temples in each and every region, either inside or outside the town. It fell upon Monday, the fifteenth waning-moon day of the fourth month,[155] that the royal host was marched from the town of Chiang Mai unto the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya.
In the year 908, the Year of the Horse (2089 BE),[156] in the sixth month, His Divine Highness Chairachathirat the Lord entered nirvana.[19] Thus his royal child, His Highness Divine Lord Yotfa, assumed kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya. In that year, the earth quaked.
In the year 910, the Year of the Monkey (2091 BE),[157] on Saturday, the fifth waxing-moon day of the fifth month, [His Highness] went out to bathe.[158] Elephants were put to fight[159] and a tusk[160] of the elephant Phaya Fai broke into three pieces. Moreover, two days later, the regal elephant Phra Chatthan kept crying as the sound of a conch. In addition, the Phaichayon Gate groaned as an ill omen. It fell upon Sunday, the fifth waxing-moon day of the eight month,[161] that His Highness Divine Lord Yotfa met a mishap,[136] whereupon Khun Chinnarat enjoyed kingship for two score and two days. Then Khun Chinnarat and Maeyua[162] Sisudachan met a mishap, His Divine Highness Thianrachathirat was therefore invited to assume kingship under the name of His Divine Highness Mahachakkraphat. And as [His Divine Highness] had assumed kingship for seven months, the ruler of Hongsa, Pangsaweki, marched his men unto the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya in the fourth months. When His Divine Highness Mahachakkraphat the Lord went out to fight the war of Hongsa, Her Divine Highness the Principal Queen Consort and Her Divine Highness the Royal Child, a royal daughter, mounted upon their elephants, went out in His company. And the vaward, having engaged with the foes from Hongsa, was routed and ran into the royal host, begetting a great chaos. And Her Divine Highness the Principal Queen Consort and Her Divine Highness the Royal Child, a royal daughter, fought the foes till they lost their lives upon the necks of their elephants. And, in that war of Hongsa, His Divine Highness Mahathammarachathirat the Lord and His Divine Highness the Royal Child, His Divinity Ramesuan, were lost unto the ruler of Hongsa, and Phaya Prap and the regal elephant Phaya Nuphap were sent after, and delivered unto, the ruler of Hongsa in the town of Kamphaeng Phet, and the ruler of Hongsa then sent His Divinity Mahathammarachathirat the Lord and His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord unto the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya.
In the year 911, the Year of the Rooster (2092 BE),[163] on Saturday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the second month,[164] a bull white elephant a little over four sok tall was obtained from the region of the Tanaosi Wood. He was clept Patchainakhen. On that occasion, the raising of walls for the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya was ordered to be commenced.
In the year 912, the Year of the Dog (2093 BE),[165] in the eighth month, on the second waxing-moon day,[166] the royal ceremony of pathommakam[167] was held for His Divine Highness Mahachakkraphat the Lord in the district of Tha Daeng,[168] with Phra Kammawacha[169] as phruetthibat,[170] Phra Phichet[171] as atsadachan,[172] and Phra Inthro[173] as kammakan.[174]
In the year 914, the Year of the Rat (2095 BE),[175] on that occasion, sae barges[176] were ordered to be modified into chai [barges][177] and animal-headed barges.
In the year 915, the Year of the Ox (2096 BE),[178] in the seventh month, commenced was the holding of the royal ceremony of matthayommakam[179] for His Divine Highness Mahachakkraphat in the district of Chai Nat Buri.
In the year 916, the Year of the Tiger (2097 BE),[180] [His Divine Highness] went to corral elephants[95] in Bang Lamung District, where He obtained three score bull and cow elephants. In addition, in the twelfth month, a bull white elephant a little over four sok tall was obtained from the region of the Kanchanaburi Wood. He was clept Phra Khachenthrodom.
In the year 917, the Year of the Rabbit (2098 BE),[181] on Monday, the seventh waning-moon day of the seventh month,[182] a bull white elephant a little over four sok and one khuep tall was obtained from the region of the Phetchaburi Wood. He was clept Phra Kaeosongbat.
In the year 947, the Year of the Rooster (2128 BE),[184] the divine lord of Sawathi[185] marched his men south for another time. He positioned his hosts in Sa Ket District and remained there from the second month till the fourth month. Once it reached Wednesday, the seventh waxing-moon day of the fifth month, the time of four nalika and one bat after the dayspring,[186] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to muster [His] hosts of triumph[143] in Lomphli District, and on Saturday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the fifth month,[187] [as He was] proceeding from [the site of] the hosts of triumph by way of river through Pa Mok, a multitude of grey pelicans flew in from both the left and the right leading [His] royal barge towards. Once it reached Thursday, the fourteenth waning-moon day of the fifth month,[188] [the King's Highness], mounted upon the royal elephant Phlai Mongkhon Thawip, went out to line all the elephants and horses up on the brink of the river, and the sun had a halo and the rays of that halo shone down upon the royal elephant as if offering a shade to shelter it. On that occasion, [the King's Highness] charged the hosts of the divine lord of Sawathi that had been positioned in Sa Ket District, routing them in defeat. In the same year, the High Viceroy marched his men in by way of Kamphaeng Phet, where they stayed and started rice farming.
In the year 948, the Year of the Dog (2129 BE),[189]In the year 950, the Year of the Rat (2131 BE),[190] on Monday, the eighth waning-moon day of the twelfth month,[191] the earth quaked.
In the year 951, the Year of the Ox (2132 BE),[192] rice was dear, being ten tamlueng per cartload. The seal of Phaya Narai was affixed for confirmation.[193] On Friday, the seventh waning-moon day of the second month,[194] the earth quaked.
In the year 952, the Year of the Tiger (2133 BE),[195] on Sunday, the thirteenth waning-moon day of the eighth month,[196] His Divine Highness the Royal Buddha, the Divine Senile Rajah,[197] entered nirvana.[19] On Tuesday, the second waning-moon day of the twelfth month,[198] the High Viceroy marched his hosts in by way of Kanchanaburi. On that occasion, the person of the ruler of Phasim[199] was captured in Chorakhe Sam Phan District.
In the year 954, the Year of the Dragon (2135 BE),[200] on Friday, the second waning-moon day of the twelfth month,[201] the High Viceroy marched in from Hongsa.[202] On Saturday, the first waning-moon day of the first month,[203] the palate of the regal elephant Phaya Chaiyanuphap prolapsed about five ongkhuli in size. Once it reached the second month, the High Viceroy reached the territory of Suphan Buri Town, but he set his hosts in Phang Tru District. On Sunday, the ninth waxing-moon day of the second month, at the time of four nalika and two bat after the dayspring,[204] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation by way of river [to perform the rite of] fan mai khom nam[205] in Lomphli District and mustered the hosts of triump[143] in Muang Wan District, and on Wednesday, the twelfth waxing-moon da of the second month, at the time of two nalika and nine bat after the dayspring,[206] [He] proceeded in formation on land. Furthermore, as daylight was nighing on that twelfth waxing-moon day, a bodily relic[207] was seen miraculously passing towards the way which [the King's Highness] was about to take. On Monday, the second waning-moon day of the second month, at the time of five nalika and three bat after the dayspring,[208] [the King's Highness], mounted upon the regal elephant Phaya Chaiyanuphap, went out to fight with the High Viceroy in Nong Sarai District. On that occasion, the auspicious time was not observed but was a bit breached, and whilst fighting with the High Viceroy on elephant, His Divine Highness Narai the Holy Lord was slightly hit[209] in the right hand with a shot.[210] In addition, when the High Viceroy rode his elephant out to stand it [at a place], the headgear the High Viceroy was wearing fell down to the ground and he picked it up and put it on again. In that event, the High Viceroy was cleaved to death on the neck of his elephant at that very place, and the regal elephant Phaya Chaiyanuphap, whereupon [the King's Highness] rode and fought with the High Viceroy till attaining victory, was conferred with the name of Chaophaya Prap Hongsa.[211]
In the year 955, the Year of the Snake (2136 BE),[212] on Monday, the fifth waxing-moon day of the tenth month,[213] [the King's Highness] ascended the Great Manor.[214] On that occasion, being inflamed at the Mons, [He] had around a hundred Mons set upon fire. On Wednesday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the second month,[215] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to take Lawaek[216] Town and [He] mustered the hosts of triumph[143] in Bang Khuat District. On that expedition, [He] captured the person of Phaya Sisuphan[217] on Sunday, the first waning-moon day of the fourth month.[218]
In the year 956, the Year of the Horse (2137 BE),[219] [the King's Highness] marched [His] hosts to Satong[220] Town.
In the year 957, the Year of the Goat (2138 BE),[221] on Sunday, the third waxing-moon day of the first month, at the time of three nalika and nine bat after the dayspring,[222] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to Hongsa[202] Town. On the previous occasion,[223] [He performed the rite of] fan mai khom nam[205] in Lomphli District and mustered the hosts of triumph[143] in Muang Wan District. On Monday, the thirteenth waning-moon day of the fourth month, in the wee hours of the night, having failed to approach and seize the town of Hongsa, the royal hosts proceeded back home.
In the year 958, the Year of the Monkey (2139 BE),[224] on Tuesday, the fourth waxing-moon day of the sixth month,[225] Laos escaped and Khun Chamueang[226] fought with the Laos in Ta-khian Duan District. In addition, on Thursday, the sixth waxing-moon day of the third month,[227] heavy rains hailed for three days as if being the rainy season.
In the year 961, the Year of the Pig (2142 BE),[228] on Thursday, the eleventh waxing-moon day of the eleventh month, at the time of two nalika and eight bat after the dayspring,[229] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to Tong-u[230] Town. [He performed the rite of] fan mai khom nam[205] in Lomphli District and mustered the osts of triumph[143] in Wat Tan District. In addition, in that eleventh month, there took place a stellar passage: Saturn moved from Virgo to Libra. On Wednesday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the fourth month,[231] [the King's Highness] reached Tong-u Town and [His] royal hosts advanced to take up position around thirty sen away from Tong-u Town, and they remained there for two months, during which they were faced with an extreme dearth of victuals and a great many of their members died of starvation. Once came Wednesday, the sixth waning-moon day of the sixth month,[232] the royal hosts proceeded back to the City of Glorious Ayutthaya.
In the year 963, the Year of the Ox (2144 BE),[233] in the sole seventh month, a solar eclipse occurred. In that year, Phra Isuan and Phra Narai[234] the Lords were brought in four palanquins to benediction[235] at the same time and on the same day.
In the year 964, the Year of the Tiger (2145 BE),[236] [?][237] went on a trip to Lop Buri.
In the year 965, the Year of the Rabbit (2146 BE),[238] the host of the Lord of the Front Quarters[239] went to take the Khom Empire,[240] which it conquired.
In the year 966, the Year of the Dragon (2147 BE),[241] on Thursday, the third waning-moon day of the second month,[242] [the royal fleet] moved in formation from Pa Mok by way of river and [performed the rite of] fan mai khom nam[205] in Ekkarat District. The host of triumph[143] was mustered in Phra Lo District. That day was a leap day[243] and there took place a stellar passage: Saturn moved one degree to the Archer. On that occasion, as [the King's Highness] arrived in the town of Luang, the district of Don Kaeo Field. . .
↑A Siamese nobleman and Ministry of Public Instruction official (1862–1926 CE), Phra Pariyattithammathada being his noble title during his tenure as Chief of the Right Department of Royal Scholars, Phae being his given name, Parian being an honorary title he obtained upon passing the fourth level of the Buddhist pariyatti examination (Khurusaphā 1958, pp. 1–2). (Wikisource contributor note)
↑The noble title he held during his tenure as Deputy Chief of the Department of Education, Ministry of Public Instruction (Khurusaphā 1958, p. 1). (Wikisource contributor note)
↑In the Thai text, the subject of the sentence has been omitted. Scholars believe that King Narai is being referred to here because the date mentioned fell in his reign (Chalitanon, 1981, p. 223).
↑The term phra hon (Thai: พระโหร) consists of an honorific, phra ("divine"), and the main noun, hon, which Royal Institute (n.d.) defines as "one who makes divination chiefly using the orbits of the stars". Generally, it refers to any astromancer at the royal court. But some scholars believe that the term here refers to Phra Horathibodi (Thai: พระโหราธิบดี), the chief royal astromancer (Hodges, 1999, p. 33).
↑"แสงเชรา" can be pronounced saeng-chrao, saeng-chao, and saeng-che-ra. It is not known which of these is the actually correct pronunciation, but the first one is chosen here. Some scholars have associated it with present-day Chaochoengsao (Phakdikham, 2015, p. 12).
↑Figure 1 – The lion balcony of the Chakri Maha Prasat Hall, Grand Palace, BangkokBan chan sing (Thai: บันชั้นสิงห์) literally translates "gable [with] rows of lions". But this is possibly an archaic (or erroneous) spelling of banchon sing (Thai: บัญชรสิงห์; literally, "lion balcony"), the balcony of a royal hall for the monarch to appear during a public audience (see figure 1 for example of such a balcony in modern times). The term banchon sing is found in a number of works from the Ayutthaya period, such as the Palace Law of Ayutthaya (Phongsiphian, 2005: pp. 63–65), which states: "Somdet Phra Chao Ramathibodi...was seated upon the Throne of the Jewelled Lion at the Balcony of Lion" (Thai: "สมเดจพระเจ้ารามาธิบดี...สถิตยในรัตนสิงหาศบัญชรสิงห์").
↑Chaosenabodi (Thai: เจ้าเสนาบดี), from chao ("lord") + senabodi ("military commander"), refers to a public official in charge of the military (Royal Society, 2020, p. 81).
↑Patha Khu Cham (Thai: ปท่าคูจาม) may be translated as "Cham Moat banks", as it consists of patha, which the Royal Society (2020, p. 185) defines as "bank" (as of a river or lake), khu ("moat"), and cham ("Cham"). However, it is also possible that patha is from Old Khmer pandāya, which SEAlang Library (n.d.) defines as "1. n. Military base, stronghold, fortress. 2 n. Enceinte, citadel, walled town." Phakdikham (2015, p. 16) says "Patha Khu Cham was a town lying to the west of the [Ayutthaya] city isle by the Chao Phraya River. At present, there is still a canal known as the Cham Moat Canal (Ta-khian Canal)."
↑Kin mueang (Thai: กินเมือง; literally, "to consume a town") is defined by the Royal Society (2020, p. 35) as "to rule over a town, to administer a town, to be in charge of a town". Phongsiphian (2005, p. 73) expressed an opinion that the term means to be authorised to rule a town and derive benefits from that town.
↑Pa Than (Thai: ป่าถ่าน) may be translated as "Charcoal Market", as it consists of pa, which the Royal Society (2020, p. 193) defines as "place where the same goods are sold in great amount", and than, which means "charcoal".
↑ 42.042.1An archaism meaning "to die", the "Abode of the Brave" referring to Heaven (Royal Society, 2020, p. 328).
↑Some scholars believe Phaya Kaeo Phaya Thai (Thai: พญาแก้วพญาไท) refers to a single person, whilst some believe it refers to two persons (Phaya Kaeo and Phaya Thai). Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 218) expressed an opinion, saying "Phraya Kaeo Phraya Thai seemed to be a relative of the king of Cambodia". Phakdikham (2006, p. 886) believes Phaya Kaeo Phaya Thai here corresponded to the Cambodian royal title of Phra Ong Kaeo (Thai: พระองค์แก้ว), which the official list of Cambodian dignitary titles says was the highest second-class royal title for a relative of the Cambodian sovereign.
↑Rupphap (Thai: รูปภาพ) is a compound consisting of rup ("form") and phap ("condition"). In modern usage, it refers to a two-dimensional image (Royal Institute, n.d.). But in archaic usage, it seems to refer to an image of any dimension. Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 219) believed that the term here refers to the bronze cow statues displayed at Phra Phutthabat Temple at his time. Phakdikham (2015, p. 20) expressed an opinion that the term here refers to the bronze statues now displayed at Mahamuni Buddha Temple in Mandalay, known as Mahamuni Bronzes.
↑Literally translating as "three mouths" and referring to a building with three porches (Royal Society, 2020, p. 121). The building destroyed on this occasion was rebuilt as a pavilion of the same name in 2451 BE (1908/09 CE) by King Chulalongkorn and is now part of the Ayutthaya Historical Park (Fine Arts Department, 1999, p. 214).
↑According to the newly discovered Royal Chronicle of Wachirayan Royal Library (Chronicle No. 222 2/A 104), these were political factions in the Khmer Empire that opposed to the annexation of their empire by the Suphannaphum Dynasty of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Phongsiphian, 2012, p. 74).
↑Pathai Khasem (Thai: ปะท้ายเขษม) may be translated as "Fort of Peace" (Phongsiphian, 2012, p. 92), as it is possibly from Old Khmer pandāya ("fort, fortress") and khsema ("peace, tranquillity").
↑Bun (Thai: บุณ) is suggested by the Royal Society (2020, p. 177) to be from Pali puṇṇa ("to fill, full") and mean "to make perfect, to make complete".
↑In the oldest manuscript, the mere term of racha (Thai: ราชา; literally, "king") was used here (Fine Arts Department, 1999, p. 216), not Borommaracha. This term of racha probably refers to, or probably is a scribal error for, Intharacha, whom the other parts of this paragraph say engaged in the battle. Anyway, some scholars opine that Borommaracha and Intharacha were the same person, saying Intharacha became known as Borommaracha upon assumption of kingship as stated in the initial part of this paragraph (Phakdikham, 2015, p. 28).
↑A document from the Lan Na Kingdom, Tamnan Phuenmueang Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai Cultural Centre, 1995, p. 69), says it was a shot from a blowpipe known as puen-klong (Thai: ปืนกล้อง).
↑Phakdikham (2015, p. 28) expressed an opinion that this paragraph possibly contains an error (perhaps a scribal error) because the person who was the high king (king of Lan Na) was actually Thao Luk (Tilokkarat) and Thao Bun (Bunrueang) was his son. A document from Lan Na, Tamnan Phuenmueang Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai Cultural Centre, 1995, p. 77), says: "Not so long after that, the Lady of the Hall of Pearls made accusations against Chaophothao Bunrueang, saying he was wicked. Chaophraya Tilokkaracha then had him kept in Noi Town. Afterwards, the Lady of the Hall of Pearls incited Chaophraya Tilokkaracha to put Phothao Bunrueang to death. Later on, it became known that he was guiltless." ("อยู่บ่นานเท่าใด เจ้าแม่ท้าวหอมุกใส่โทษแก่เจ้าพ่อท้าวบุญเรืองว่าบ่ดี เจ้าพระญาติโลกราชะหื้อเอาไว้เสียเมืองน้อย เมื่อลูน แม่ท้าวหอมุกลักใจเจ้าพระญาติโลกราชะหื้อได้ข้าพ่อท้าวบุญเรือง พายลูนจิ่งรู้ว่า หาโทษบ่ได้").
↑The name literally translates as "Great Life: The Royal Verses". It is a poetic work dealing with the life of Prince Vessantara (Fine Arts Department, 1997, pp. (2)–(3)).
↑A silver birthday celebration (Royal Society, 2020, p. 33). The name of the rite, benchaphit (Thai: เบญจาพิศ), is believed to be from Pali pañcavīsa ("twenty-five") (ibid.).
↑The Royal Society (2020, p. 113) says it was a rite which served as the first stage of a royal ceremony which consisted of three stages, the first stage being called pathommakam (Thai: ปฐมกรมม; "primary action"), the second stage being called matthayommakam (Thai: มัธยมกรรม; "intermediate action"), and the third stage being called udommakam (Thai: อุดมกรรม; "ultimate action"). However, Phakdikham (2015, pp. 43–44) believed all the three stages were part of a royal ceremony for catching of elephants, whilst Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 243) said pathommakam was a military ceremony.
↑According to the Royal Society (2020, p. 90), chan (Thai: ชั้น), which literally translates as "level", is a historical unit of time equal to a level of a shadow cast by a tree branch. However, the Fine Arts Department (1999, p. 219) said it was equal a level of a shadow of a person standing in the sun.
↑The name literally translates as "victory [in] war". It is a book about military strategies or methods for wining a war (Royal Institute, n.d.).
↑According to the Royal Society (2020, p. 320), sarabanchi (Thai: สารบาญชี) was an account showing numbers or amounts of human resources, military bodies, supplies, etc. Phakdikham (2015, p. 32) expressed an opinion that it might refer to an enumeration of the population.
↑This phrase (Thai: พระราชสำฤทธิ) can be read as phra ratcha samrit or phra ratcha samritthi. It literally translates as "divine royal success" but its intended meaning is not known. In Bangkok era documents, this was rephrased as phra ratcha phithi (Thai: พระราชพิธี), which literally translates as "divine royal ceremony[/ies]".
↑In fact, the Thai text can be understood to refer to the right tusk or to the right side of either tusk (or both tusks, since the number is not stated).
↑According to the Royal Society (2020, p. 48), khunnang (Thai: ขุนนาง) specifically refers to a public official who has a noble title and is entitled 400 or more fiefs.
↑ 129.0129.1Nophutthangkun (Thai: หน่อพุทธางกูร) literally translates as "The Scion, The Scion of the Buddha", as it consists of no ("scion") and phuttangkun ("scion of the Buddha"). Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 256) expressed an opinion that it was a title equivalent to the title nophraphutthachao (Thai: หน่อพระพุทธเจ้า; "Buddha's Scion"), which the Palace Law of Ayutthaya said was for a son born to a king and his principal queen consort.
↑Intthanu (Thai: อินท์ธนู), literally translating as "bow of Indra", refers to a rainbow (Royal Society, 2020, p. 358). Yukhon (2009) believed the aerial omen here was Halley's Comet.
↑Ho Phra (Thai: หอพระ) literally translates as "Hall of Idols". The Royal Society (2020, p. 339) says it refers to a stand-alone building, often square in shape and roofed, used for housing important Buddha images.
↑ 136.0136.1Pen het (Thai: เปนเหตุ) literally translates as "be the cause". In modern usage, it means "because of". However, the Royal Society (2020, p. 198) says that, in old usage, it means "[there] being an incident (often a serious one)".
↑Ok sanam (Thai: ออกสนาม) literally translates as "go out [to] bathe", referring to the rite, known in full as sanam hemmabat (Thai: สนามเหมบัตร), in which the king would bathe in a golden tub according to the Palace Law (Phongsiphian, 2005, p. 152). However, the Royal Society (2020, p. 352) wrote that the rite was for consecration of the armed forces by sprinkling consecrated water upon warriors, elephants, horses, etc.
↑According to the Palace Law of Ayutthaya (Phongsiphian, 2005, pp. 153–156), the above-mentioned rite featured various performances, including staged fights between buffaloes, elephants, oxen, rams, etc.
↑It could also be both tusks, as the number is not stated. In Thai, singular and plural nouns have the same forms.
↑Maeyua (Thai: แม่หยัว), a corrupted or clipped form of maeyuhua (Thai: แม่อยู่หัว; "lady upon [all] heads"), was an honorific for the principal queen consort of a king (Royal Society, 2020, p. 258). However, Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 264) expressed an opinion that it was for a chief concubine of a king, as Sisudachan was one of the four noble titles for chief concubines of a king according to the Palace Law of Ayutthaya.
↑A noble title for a brahmin priest attached to the Department of Phruetthibat (Royal Society, 2020, p. 216). Phruetthibat (Thai: พฤฒิบาศ) were brahman priests in charge of performing elephant-related ceremonies and evil removal ceremonies (Royal Institute, n.d.).
↑A class of brahman priests in charge of performing elephant-related ceremonies and evil removal ceremonies (Royal Institute, n.d.).
↑A noble title for a brahmin priest attached to the Department of Astromancers (Royal Society, 2020, p. 222).
↑Atsadachan (Thai: อัษฎาจารย์) literally translates as "master of eight". But this could be a scribal error for hatsadachan (Thai: หัสดาจารย์), literally translating as "elephabt master" or "elephant trainer".
↑In modern usage, kammakan (Thai: กรรมการ) means "member (of a committee)". According to the Royal Society (2020, p. 15), it can also mean "servant" in old usage. But it is not certain if any of these meanings is applicable here.
↑Generally, Phra Isuan refers to the Hindu god Śiva and Phra Narai refers to the Hindu god Viṣṇu. But the terms here may respectively refer to Prince Ekathotsarot and his older brother, King Naresuan, since Naresuan is often herein referred to as Narai (as in the paragraphs of the years 933, 946, and 954) and Ekathotsarot is referred to by contemporary documents as Isuan (Damrongrachanuphap, 1925, p. 21).
↑In the Thai text, the subject of the sentence was omitted. Other chronicles do not mention this event but contain similar events around this year, saying Prince Ekathotsarot toured the town of Phitsanulok before taking a trip with his older brother, King Naresuan, to the sea towns of Sam Roi Yot and Tanot Luang (Damrongrachanuphap, 1991, pp. 175–176; Phakdikham, 2015, p. 163).
↑The Fine Arts Department (1999, p. 233) expressed an opinion that this title refers to King Naresuan's younger brother, Prince Ekathotsarot, who then held the position of viceroy. However, other royal chronicles say it was Prince Mahathammaracha, son of King Naresuan (Damrongrachanuphap, 1991, p. 175; Phakdikham, 2015, p. 162). The Palace Law of Ayutthaya (Kotmai Tra Sam Duang Lem Nueng, 2005, p. 115) also mentioned a similar title for a king's son, stating "a divine royal son shall become the Divine Scion, the Divine Lord Over All Heads in the Front Quarters" ("พระราชกุมารได้เปนพระหน่อพระเจ้าอยู่หัวฝ่ายหน้า").
↑The term mueang khom (Thai: เมืองขอม) consists of mueang, which refers to any polity (as town, city, state, country, etc), and khom, which the Royal Institute (n.d.) defines as "ancient Khmer". The Royal Society (2020, p. 256) says mueang khom here refers to Cambodia.
↑Referring to the fourteenth waning-moon day of an odd-numbered month, after which the first waxing-moon day of the following month comes immediately (the fifteen waning-moon day of the previous month being skipped) (Royal Society, 2020, p. 295).
