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STIGMA 87 STILLINGEA branded the name of their general on some part of their body. No writer of authority has ever maintained that the stigmata of St. Paul were anything more than the actual marks of suffering in- flicted by his persecutors (2d Cor. ii: 23-27). STIGMARIA, in paleobotany, a pseu- do-genus of coal plants, now proved by actual union to be the roots chiefly of Sigillaria, but in some cases of Lepido- dendron. Cylindrical, trunk-like bodies, often more or less compressed, the ex- ternal surface of which is covered with shallow pits, sometimes with a rootlet projecting. Very abundant in the fire- clay of the carboniferous rocks, the old soil in which the Sigillarice grew. The common species is S. ficoides. STIGMATIZATIOInT, the appearance or impression of counterparts of all or some of the wounds received by Jesus in His Passion, in their appropriate po- sitions on the human body. The first case on record, and the most important, is that of St. Francis of Assisi, the foun- der of the Franciscans. It is said that while the saint was engaged in a fast of 40 days on Mount Alvernus, in the year 1224, a crucified seraph with six wings appeared and discoursed to him of heavenly things. Francis fainted, and on recovering consciousness found him- self marked with the wounds of cruci- fixion in his hands, his feet, and right side. Thomas a Celana and St. Buona- ventura attested the case, and Pope Alexander IV. (1254-1261) claimed to have seen the stigmata during the life- time of St. Francis and after his death. A feast of the Stigmata of St. Francis is celebrated in the Roman Church on September 17. The Dominicans claimed a similar distinction for a saint of their order (St. Catherine of Siena, 1347- 1380), and the fact of her stigmatization is recorded in the fifth lection of the office of her feast (April 30) in the Roman Breviary. She is honored with a special feast in her own order, though she is never represented in painting or sculpture with the stigmata. Since then many persons have claimed to have re- ceived these marks of divine favor. STILBITE, a mineral of a shining pearly luster, of a white color, or white shaded with gray, yellow, or red. It has been associated with zeolite, and called foliated zeolite and radiated zeolite. STIKINE RIVER, the largest and most important stream of southeastern Alaska. Its course is primarily in Brit- ish Columbia and forms the principal route between the interior of British Columbia and the Pacific Ocean. In the summer steamer service is provided as far as Telegraph Creek, about 175 miles from the mouth of the river. STILES, CHARLES WARDELL, an American zoologist, born at Spring Val- ley, in 1867. He attended the Wesleyan University in 1885-6, and later studied in Germany and in France. In 1891 he became connected with the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, and from 1902 was consulting zoologist. He was professor of zoology for the United States Public Health Service, from 1902, and was assistant surgeon-general of this service, from 1919. He also occu- pied chairs of zoology in several uni- versities, including Georgetown, and Johns Hopkins. He was a member of many international commissions on chem- ical subjects, and was a member of many scientific societies. He was the author of many books on diseases of cattle and kindred subjects, and was an authority on hookworm and other obscure diseases. STILICHO, FLAVIUS, a Vandal of great genius and bravery, who distin- guished himself at the declining period of the Roman empire, was advanced to the highest dignities of the state by Theodosius the Great, and married Se- rena, the emperor's adopted daughter, besides being intrusted in 394 with the guardianship of his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. On the division of the empire, Stilicho became virtual governor of the West, in the character of first minister to Honorius, while the same power in the East was exercised by Ru- finus, under Arcadius, the other em- peror. The military genius of Stilicho, after this period, was exhibited in the reduction of Africa which had been led into a revolt by Eutropius the successor of Rufinus at the Eastern court, and subsequently in the great contests with Alaric and Radagaisus. In the year 403 he routed the former near Verona, and in 406 put the hosts of the latter to flight and killed their commander. While Stilicho lived he sustained the fortunes of the Roman name, but he was accused of having a secret understanding with Alaric, and was treacherously put to death in 408. The wives and children of 30,000 Germans who were in his ser- vice were massacred at the same time. STILLINGEA, a genus of Hippoma- nese. Milky trees or shrubs with alter- nate leaves, on petioles which have two glands at the apex; flowers monoecious, the males usually in crowded terminal