testified, clearly stated and solved the wonderful problem of "mimicry," as it is conveniently called, or the superficial resemblances between totally different species; and the likeness between an animal and its surroundings, whereby it evades its foes or conceals itself from its prey. The species which has varied most from the normal type of its group is far rarer than the form which it resembles, while the mimicked is abundant and well defended by such devices as unpleasant taste or smell, or the power of stinging or wounding. The basis of mimetic analogies lies in the origination of some slight variation in the mimicker, which tends in the direction of likeness to the mimicked, upon which variation natural selection operates. Bates's other contributions to the literature of science and travel were sparse and fugitive, but he edited for several years a periodical of Illustrated Travels. A man of varied tastes, he devoted the larger part of his leisure to entomology, notably to the classification of coleoptera. Of these he left an extensive and unique collection, which, fortunately for science, was purchased intact by M. René Oberthur of Rennes.
(E. CL.)
Bath, a city, municipal, county, and parliamentary borough, market town, and fashionable watering-place, in the county of Somerset, England, on the Avon, 107 miles W. of London by rail. The borough is divided into seven wards under a mayor, 14 aldermen, and 42 councillors. The corporate property yields a gross income of £8500. The new municipal buildings, costing £38,000, were erected in 1894. Other recent buildings include a Roman Catholic church, new Queen's Baths, Jubilee Hall, Bath Church Institute, Lyric Theatre, and a handsome art gallery (1900) erected as a memorial of the Diamond Jubilee. A new public park was opened in 1897. To the list of charitable institutions have been added four dispensaries, including the Hahnemann Free Dispensary (1888). Bath publishes two daily and five weekly newspapers. Since 1875 excavation has been carried on with the result of exposing the baths erected during the Roman occupation, in wonderful preservation, portions of a church erected in the 9th century, and other antiquities. Area of city and municipal borough, 3382 acres; population (1881), 51,814; (1901), 49,817. Area of parliamentary borough, 3455 acres; population (1881), 53,785; (1901), 52,751.
See King's Municipal Records (1885); Britton's History of Bath Abbey Church (1887); Peach's Bath, Old and New (1888); and Collections of Books belonging to the City (1893); Handbook to Bath, edited by J. W. Morris (1888); Davis's Guide to the Roman Baths (1883); Excavations of Roman Baths (1895); and The Saxon Cross (1898).
Bath, a city and port of entry of Maine, U.S.A., and capital of Sagadahoc county, situated in the southern part of the state, on the west bank of Kennebec river, 12 miles above its mouth, where it is broad and navigable for all classes of vessels. It was formerly one of the most prominent centres of wooden shipbuilding, and its ships are still found in all parts of the world. In recent years the building of iron ships has become of importance, the Bath Iron Works having constructed a number, among them several smaller ships of the U.S. navy. Population (1880), 7874; (1890), 8723; (1900), 10,477.
Bathgate, a burgh of barony and police burgh of Linlithgowshire, Scotland, 19 miles west by south of Edinburgh by rail. The academy had in 1898-99 an average attendance of 831, while a Board school had 352, and a Roman Catholic school 205. Population (1901), 6786.
Bathurst, a city in Australia, New South Wales, 144 miles west of Sydney on the Great Western Railway, in the centre of the chief wheat-growing district of the colony, on the south bank of the Macquarie river. It has been a municipality since 1862. Altitude, 2200 feet. Mean temperature, year, 57-6° F.; January, 72.6°; July, 43-3°. Population about 10,000.
Batley, a municipal borough of Yorkshire, England, distant 8 miles from Leeds by rail, and about the same distance from Wakefield and Bradford. With the adjacent municipal borough of Dewsbury it forms part of the parliamentary borough of Dewsbury. All Saints' Church contains ancient memorials, and there are an ancient grammar school, a technical school (established by public subscription), a town hall, a hospital, a market house, and public baths. The town is the centre of the heavy woollen trade, and has extensive manufactures of army cloths, pilot cloths, druggets, flushings, &c.; also iron foundries, manufactures of machinery, and stone quarries. The borough lies in the south-west Yorkshire coalfield, and there are a number of collieries in the district. Area, 2039 acres. Population (1881), 27,505; (1901), 30,321.
Baton Rouge, a city of Louisiana, U.S.A., capital of East Baton Rouge Parish. It was made the state capital in 1849. In 1862 the seat of government was transferred to New Orleans, and in 1880 it was restored to Baton Rouge. It is the seat of Louisiana State University. Population (1880), 7197; (1890), 10,478; (1900), 11,269, of whom 4660 were white and 6596 negro.
Battaglia, a town of the province of Padua, Venetia, Italy, 11 miles S.S.W. from Padua by the railway to Bologna. It lies on the Euganean Hills, and has much-frequented hydropathic and hot sulphur springs, which supply inter alia mud baths and a natural vapour bath. The springs gush out at the foot of Mount Sant' Elena, and have a temperature of 136-4° to 159-8° F. In the immediate vicinity are the castle of Cattajo, built in 1550, and the church of Arqua Petrarca, in which is the tomb of Petrarch; there also is the house in which he lived, now containing relics of the poet. Building stone is quarried. Population, about 3700.
Battambang (locally known as PRATTABAWNG), situated in 103° 13' E. long. and 13° 6' N. lat., lies in the from the Patat range into the great lake to the eastward. great Cambodian plain upon the river Sangk, which drains It is the chief town of the Cambodian province of the same 18th century, at the same time as the neighbouring province name, and was conquered by the Siamese at the end of the of Siemrap. If the Pailin district (for which see Chantabun) is excepted, the chief products of the province are rice and dried fish. The total value of the export and Siemrap does not at present exceed £100,000 a year. The import trade of the two provinces of Battambang and population of the town is about 5000, and that of the province scarcely 50,000. A hereditary chief of Canbodian descent resides within the brick walls of the old citadel, and since 1893 a commissioner appointed from Bangkok has resided at Sis.
By the terms of the treaty of October of that year between France and Siam, the Siamese Government bound itself not to maintain or navigate ships or armed vessels on the Great Lake, nor to construct any fortified port or military establishment, nor to maintain any armed force in the provinces of Battambang and Siemrap. A clause was introduced to encourage trade between French Cambodia on the south and these lake provinces, but owing to the high tariff imposed in the French colonies the bulk of the trade still goes overland to Bangkok in preference to the easier water route to Saigon.
Battas (Dutch Battaks), the inhabitants of the formerly independent Batta country, in the central high- lands of Sumatra, now for the most part subjugated to the Dutch government (1832-90). The still independent area extends from 98°-99° 35' E., and 2°-3° 25' S. North-east of Toba lake dwell the Timor Battas, and west of it the Pakpak, but on its north (in the mountains which
