Page:A History of Indian Philosophy Vol 1.djvu/329

VIII] Category oj Quality 3 1 3 whiteness) the latter would admit a corresponding real, but Nyaya-Vaiseika would collect "all whiteness" under the name of "the quality of white colour" which the atom possessed 1. They -only regarded as a separate entity what represented an ultimate mode of thought. They did not enquire whether such notions -could be regarded as the modification of some other notion or not; but whenever they found that there were some experiences which were similar and universal, they classed them as separate entities or categories. The six Padarthas: Dravya, GUI).a, Karma, Samanya, Visea, Samavaya. Of the six classes of entities or categories (padartha) we have already given some account of dravya!. Let us now turn to the others. Of the qualities (gltla) the first one called riipa (colour) is that which can be apprehended by the eye alone and not by any other sense. The colours are white, blue, yellow, red, green, brown and variegated (citra). Colours are found only in k!;'iti, ap and tejas. The colours of ap and tejas are permanent (nitya), but the colour of kiti changes when heat is applied, and this, Srjdhara holds, is due to the fact that heat changes the atomic structure of kiti (earth) and thus the old constitution of the substance being destroyed, its old colour is also destroyed, and a new one is generated. Riipa is the general name for the specific individual colours. There is the genus Ylt- patva (colourness), and the riipa gua (quality) is that on which rests this genus; riipa is not itself a genus and can be appre- hended by the eye. The second is rasa (taste), that quality of things which can be apprehended only by the tongue; these are sweet, sour, pungent (kalu), astringent (ka-raya) and bitter (tikta). Only kiti and ap have taste. The natural taste of ap is sweetness. Rasa like riipa also denotes the genus rasatva, and rasa as quality must be distinguished from rasa as genus, though both of them are apprehended by the tongue. The third is gandha (odour), that quality which can be ap- prehended by the nose alone. It belongs to kiti alone. Water 1 The reference is to Sautrantika Buddhism, "yo yo viruddhiidhyiisaviilt ltlisiiv- ka{z." See Pal)0itasoka's Avayavini"iikaraa, Six Buddhist Nyiiya tracts. 2 The word "padar/ha" literally means denotations of words.