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them). They must, however, have been borrowed long before the beginning of our era, since the Teut. p in apla- has, in accordance with the permutation of consonants, originated in a prehistoric b; comp. Ir. aball, uball, Lith. obůlys, OSlov. alŭko, ‘apple.’ As nothing testifies to the Aryan origin of these oblu- cognates (in Lat. mâlum- Gr. μῆλον), found only in the North of Europe, we must assume that the word was borrowed. The derivation from Lat. malum Abellanum (the Campanian town Abella was famed in antiquity for its apples), is on phonetic and formal grounds doubtful, although in the abstract (comp. Pfirsich) the combination is interesting. No other explanation of how it was borrowed has yet been found. It is noteworthy that for Augapfel, ‘pupil,’ apful alone (as well as ougapful) can be used in OHG.; comp. AS. œppel, n. (plur., also masc.), E. apple of the eye (also eyeball), Du. oogappel; but, on the other hand, OIc. augasteinn.

April, m., ‘April,’ from the equiv. MidHG. aprille, aberëlle, m.; from Lat. Aprilis (comp. Fr. avril, Ital. aprile), borrowed at the beginning of the MidHG. period in place of the genuine OHG. ôstarmânôd, ‘Easter-month.’

Ar, m., n., a square measure (about 120 sq. yards), ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. Fr. are (Lat. area).

Arbeit, f., ‘work, labour, employment,’ from MidHG. arbeit, arebeit, OHG. ar(a)beit, f., ‘labour, toil, distress.’ Corresponding to OSax. arƀêdi, n., ‘toil, hardship, suffering,’ arbêd, f., and Du. arbeid, m., AS. earfoð, earfeðe, n., ‘toil, hardship,’ earfeðe, adj., ‘difficult,’ Goth. arbaiþs(d), f., ‘oppression, distress’; OIc. erfiði, n., ‘toil,’ erfiðr, adj., ‘difficult, toilsome.’ Hence ‘toil’ must be accepted as the fundamental meaning of the cognates, and therefore any connection with the stem of Erbe is improbable. It has been compared with greater reason with OSlov. (Russ.) rabota, f., ‘servants' work,’ and rabŭ, robŭ, ‘servant, thrall,’ as prim. cognates, although this comparison is open to doubt. Lat. lâbor, ‘work,’ is at all events certainly not allied to it.

Arche, f., ‘ark,’ from MidHG., arche (also arke), OHG. arahha (also archa), f., ‘Noah's ark.’ The ModHG. form with ch (instead of k) seems to point to Upper Germany (Luther’s Bible has Noahs Kasten); OHG. buoh-arahha, ‘book-chest,’ MidHG. arche, ‘chest, money-chest.’ It corresponds to

Du. ark, ‘Noah’s ark,’ AS. earc, m., earce, f., ‘chest, covenant, ark, box,’ E. ark, OIc. ǫrk, f., ‘chest, coffin, Noah’s ark,’ Goth. arka, f., ‘box, money-box, Noah's ark.’ This widely diffused word was borrowed at an early period from the equiv. Lat. (also Romance) arca, which, as the meanings of the Teut. group coextensive with those of the Lat. indicate, was not perhaps naturalised on the introduction of Christianity, to which the more recent meaning of ‘Noah's ark’ may refer. Both the word and the thing had probably at the beginning of our era found their way to the Teutons with Lat. cista. See Kiste and Sack.

arg, adj., ‘bad, severe, hard,’ from MidHG. arc(g), ‘vile, wicked, stingy, avaricious,’ OHG. arg, arag, ‘avaricious, cowardly, vile’; also OHG. arg, MidHG. arc(g) ‘evil, vileness, wickedness.’ Comp. AS. earg, adj., ‘cowardly, slothful’ (no longer found in E.), OIc. argr, ‘cowardly, effeminate’ (also ragr). Paul the Deacon cites arga as an abusive term among the Lombards. Through a Goth. *args the Teut. word may have made its way into Span. and Finn.; comp. Span. aragan, ‘slothful,’ Finn. arka, ‘cowardly.’ As it is not easy to deduce the meaning ‘cowardly’ from ‘avaricious,’ which appears chiefly in OHG., we must assume that the root idea of the Teut. arga- was ‘vile, base,’ of which ‘avaricious’ and ‘cowardly’ would be specialisations resulting from the liberal hospitality and bravery which characterised the Teutons. This word, like almost all words within the ethical sphere, is peculiar to Teutonic; comp. arm, böse, gut, übel. —

ärgern, ‘to annoy, vex, fret,’ from MidHG. ergern, ‘to incite to evil, deteriorate, corrupt,’ OHG. ergirôn, argirôn, ‘to make worse,’ from the comparative of arg. From this ModHG. Ärger, m., is formed (comp. Aussatz from aussätzig, Geiz from geizen, Handel from handeln, Opfer from opfern); in MidHG. erge, OHG. argî, f., ‘malice.’ —

Argwohn, m., from the equiv. MidHG. arcwân, m. (comp. Wahn), ‘suspicion, mistrust’; comp. ModHG. Arglist, f., from MidHG. arclist, f., ‘cunning, malice,’ from arg; even in OHG. arcwânen, ‘to suspect,’ occurs, MidHG. arcwœnen.

ärgern, vb., see arg.

Arlesbaum, m., ‘service tree,’ from MidHG. OHG. arliz-boum, m., ‘acernus, cornus’; scarcely allied to Erle.

Arm, m., ‘arm, branch,’ from the equiv.