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As

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Atz

necting OHG. arzât with arzâter, arciâter, archiâter, since the OLG. and MidDu. form itself points to the MidLat. form. Moreover, the technical terms of Greek physic found their way at an early period to the West (comp. Büchse, Pflaster), but always through the medium of Lat. and Rom. The unique arzâte(r) was entirely unknown to Rom. (Ital. medico, OFr. mirc, Fr. médecin, which of course were also unknown to Teut.). Concerning arz-, erz-, as the representative of Gr. άρχι-, see Erz-. The theory advanced on account of ModHG. Mühlarzt, ‘mill-wright,’ that OHG. arzât is from Lat. artista, is on phonetic and historical grounds unwarranted. MidLat. artista was not used for medical practitioners until late in the Middle Ages (comp. ModFr. artiste vétérinaire); the word too is unknown in earlier Rom. On the other hand, we meet with archiatri even as far back as the Frank. king Childebert and Charlemagne. See besides Arzenei.

As, n., Aß, ModHG. only, from the equiv. Fr. as, m., ‘the ace (of dice or cards), a small weight’ (Lat. as). In MidHG. the prevalent term for the ‘ace (of dice)’ was esse, which comes from Lat. assis (a later collateral form of as). Comp. Daus.

Asch, see Arsch.—

Asch, m., ‘pot, basin, bowl’ (to which Aschkuchen is allied), from MidHG. asch, OHG. asc, m., ‘dish, basin, boat’; lit. ‘of ash.’ See Esche.

Asche (1.), f., ‘ashes, cinders,’ from MidHG. asche (esche), OHG. asca, f., ‘ashes’; corresponds to Du. asch, AS. asce, œsce, f., E. ashes (but also sing. in bone-ash, potash, &c.); OIc. aska, f., ‘ashes’; akin also to the abnormal Goth. azgô, f., ‘ashes’ (but Span. ascua is borrowed). Trustworthy correspondences in other languages are wanting, nor is Esche allied to it. —

Aschenbrödel, see under brodeln. —

ModHG. Ascher-, ‘ash,’ in the compound Aschermittwoch (for which the MidHG. form is aschtac), occurs even in MidHG. in compounds. —

Aschlauch, m., ‘shallot,’ MidHG. aschlouch, a corruption of the equiv. MidLat. ascalonium. See Schalotte.

Asche (2.), f., ‘grayling,’ from the equiv. MidHG. asche, OHG. asco, m.; scarcely allied to Asche, as if the fish were named from its ash-grey colour; Ital. lasco.

Aſſel, m., espec. Kellerassel, ‘woodlouse,’ ModHG. only; generally derived from Lat. asellus, ‘little ass,’ and might have been named from its grey colour; comp. Gr.

ὄνος, ὀνίσκος, ‘ass, woodlouse,’ Ital. asello, ‘woodlouse.’ Yet the ſſ the ModHG. word, as well as the dialectic variant atzel, might militate against this derivation; hence a pre-Teut. stem at, att (allied to essen?) seems to be at the base of it. Comp. also Esel.

Aft, m., ‘bough, branch,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. ast, m., ‘branch,’ corresponding to the equiv. Goth. asts. The term is unknown to the other dialects, yet its great antiquity is incontestable because of the agreement of Teut. astaz (a permutation of the pre-Teut. ozdos; comp. Mast, and the examples cited there of the permutation of the Aryan zd, sd, to Teut. st) with Gr. ὄζος (ὄσθοε), ‘branch, twig, knot, node (of a tree)’; the latter with Armen. ost, ‘branch,’ is likewise based upon osdos. The meanings of the Gr. word admit the supposition of its being allied to MidLG. ôst (LG. aust), Du. oest, AS. ôst, ‘knot, node’ (Aryan stem ôsdo-).

Aß, see Aas and As.

Atem, m., from the equiv. MidHG. âtem (âten), OHG. âtum, m., ‘breath, spirit’; comp. MidHG. der heilege âtem, OHG. der wîho âtum, ‘the Holy Spirit;’ ModHG. collateral form (prop. dialectic) Odem. The word is not found in East Teut.; in Goth. ahma, ‘spirit,’ is used instead (see achten). Comp. OSax. âðom, Du. adem, AS. œ̂þm (obsolete in Eng.), ‘breath.’ The cognates point to Aryan êtmon-, Sans. âtmán, m., ‘puff, breath, spirit’; also OIr. athach, ‘breath,’ Gr. ἀτμός, ‘smoke, vapour.’ Whether ModHG. Ader and Gr. ἥτορ, ‘heart,’ are derived from the root êt, ‘to exhale, breathe,’ contained in these cognates, is questionable.

Ätte, Ätti, m., ‘father,’ dialectic, from MidHG. atte, OHG. atto, ‘father.’ The mutation of the ModHG. is diminutive, as is shown by the final i of the Swiss ätti. Allied to Goth. atta, ‘father’ (whence Attila, MidHG. Etzel, lit. ‘little, dear father’), perhaps also to OIr. aite, ‘foster-father’ (from attios), OSlov. otĭcĭ, ‘father.’

Attich, m., from the equiv. MidHG. attech (atech), OHG. attah (attuh, atah), ‘danewort,’ borrowed and extended at an early period from Lat. acte (Gr. ἀκτῇ, ἀκτέα), ‘elder-tree.’ Comp. Lattich from Lat. lactuca, also Dattel from dactylos.

Atzel, f., ‘magpie’; see under Esster.

ätzen, vb., ‘to corrode, etch, bait,’ from MidHG. etzen, OHG. ezzen, ‘to give to eat,’ lit. ‘to make eat’; factitive of essen.