Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/38

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Norw. quickstiert, E. wagtail, LG. wippstert, Dan. vipstiert; also Gr. σεισοπυγίς ltal. squassacoda, codatremola, cutretta, Fr. hoche-queue; but Span. andario, which meant lit ‘brook-trotter.’

Back, n., ‘a deep wooden dish, in which food is served for a certain number of the crew’; borrowed, like many technical terms of sea-life, from LG.; LG. back, ‘dish,’ E. back (‘tub, vat’); comp. ModFr. bac, ‘brewer’s vat or tub,’ borrowed from this word or the Du. bak. It has been derived from Late Lat. bacca, ‘water vessel,’ whence also Fr. bac, ‘ferryboat,’ Du. bak, E. bac, ‘a flat-bottomed boat.’ Probably Becken is allied to it.

Backbord, n., ‘larboard,’ from LG. (comp. the preceding word); comp. Du. bakboord (AS. bœcbord), whence also the equiv. Fr. bâbord; lit. ‘the left side of the ship to the back of the helmsman, who is steering with his right hand, the left hinder-part of the ship.’ Du. and E. back is an OTeut. word, which was, however, very early obsolete in HG. (see the following word); OHG. bah, OSax. bak, AS. bœc, E. back, OIc. bak, n., ‘back,’ Goth. *bak, n. From LG. is also derived HG. Bord. See the latter.

Backe (1.), Backen, m., especially used in the compounds with Asch-, Hinter-, hence the lit. meaning, ‘buttock.’ The correct HG. form, which has the regular permutation of k to ch, is seen in MidHG. bache, OHG. bahho, ‘ham, flitch of bacon’ (yet MidHG. also ars-backe, m.), which as ‘bacon’ made its way into OFr., and thence into Eng. also. Although it has been connected by the linguistic instinct of ModHG. with the following word, they are not allied; it is more probable that Backe and the stem bak, discussed under Backbord, is most closely connected with it.

Backe (2.), m., f., also Backen, m. (the latter espec. in the compounds Backenzahn, -streich), ‘cheek’; from MidHG. backe, m., ‘jaw, jawbone, cheek.’ OHG. has the doublets baccho (whence the MidHG. and ModHG. ck) and bahho, which produce MidHG. bache. Comp. MidHG. kinnebache beside kinnebacke, which compound too, even in OHG. (as chinni-bahho), is more frequent than the simple word; comp. OSax. kinni-bako, Du. kinnebakken. It is still uncertain whether Lat. bucca, ‘cheek,’ is allied to it; its initial b might have arisen from bh, as in barba (see Bart); but

the two differ in meaning; while the Lat. signifies ‘the inflated cheek,’ the G. word orig. denoted ‘jaw.’

backen, vb. (dial. UpG. bachen), ‘to bake,’ from MidHG. backen, bachen, str. vb.; doublets are found even in OHG. bacchan, bahhan, str. vbs.; OHG. cch is based upon the double consonants kk (OSax. bakkeri, ‘baker,’ Du. bakken, ‘to bake’); but ch presupposes a simple k. Comp. AS. bacan, str. vb., E. to bake, as well as E. batch, from MidE. bacche, AS. *bäcce, where cc points to the ck of the ModHG. word. Whether a Goth. *bakkan or *baqan, str. vb. must be presupposed is uncertain; the pre-Teut. form of the verbal root is Aryan bhō̆g, as is shown by its primit. kinship to Gr. φώγω, ‘I roast’; the affinity of Lat. fŏcus, ‘hearth,’ is doubtful.

Bad, n., ‘bath,’ from the equiv. MidHG. bat(d), OHG. bad, n.; comp. Du. bad, AS. bœþ, E. bath, OIc. bað, ‘bath.’ An important word in relation to the history of OTeut. civilisation; even the Roman writers testify that bathing (comp. further laben) was a daily necessity to the Teutons. As a verb, a denominative was already formed in the OTeut. dialects, MidHG. and ModHG. baden, from OHG. badôn, Du. baden, AS. baþian, E. to bathe; Goth. *baþôn is not recorded. The dental of the cognates is derivative, hence ba (Aryan bhâ) is the root syllable, (comp. bähen, in that case allied to it), to which OSlov. banja, ‘bath,’ banjati, ‘to wash, bathe,’ belongs. —

Baden, the name of a place, is prop. dat. plur. of Bad, ‘at the baths’ (so too E. Bath); probably an imitation of Lat. aquae in names of places.

Bader, m., ‘barber,’ from MidHG. badœre, ‘one who looks after the bathers in the bath-house.’ “In the later period of the Middle Ages it was a custom to get the beard shaved and the hair cut by the Bader at the end of the bath.”

baf! baff! paff! onomatopoetic term for the report of a gun; first occurs in ModHG. Allied to ModHG. bäffen, ‘to bark,’ from MidHG. baffen, beffen; comp. MidE. baffen, E. to beff; of recent onomat. origin.

bätzen, ‘to yelp,’ derivative of bäffen.

bägern, ‘to torment, plague,’ prob. allied to OHG. bâgan, MidHG. bâgen, str. vb., ‘to contend, quarrel.’ Akin to Ir. bágim, ‘I contend,’ bág, ‘combat’; hence the Aryan root is bhêgh, bhôgh.