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Bag

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Bal

Bagger, m., ‘dredging-machine’; like many words with gg (comp. Flagge), it is not prop. HG. (since gg in HG. must have been changed to ck), but from LG. bagger, identical with Du. bagger, ‘mud at the bottom of water.’

bähen, vb., ‘to warm by poultices, foment, toast (bread),’ from the equiv. MidHG. bœn, bœjen, OHG. bâjan, bâan. The Teut. root is bê, from pre-Teut. bhê, to which ba- of the OTeut. words for Bad is related by gradation. The orig. sense of the primit. stem bhê, by gradation bha, was probably ‘to make warm by washing, bathing.’

Bahn, f., ‘path, track, career,’ from MidHG. bane, ban, f., m., ‘road, way’; allied to MidDu. bane, Du. baan. No word identical with this is found in any of the older periods of the Teut. group. The cognates of bohnen are probably allied to it.

Bahre, f., ‘barrow, bier,’ from the equiv. MidHG. bâre, OHG. bâra, f.; Goth. *bêra or *bêrô, f.; AS. bœ̂r, bœ̂re, E. bier; E. barrow (MidE. barewe), belongs to a different gradation since it presupposes Goth. *barwa; comp. OIc. barar, plur. ‘bier,’ Goth. *barôs. The pre-Teut. phonetic form is bhérâ-. From the OHG. word is derived the equiv. Ital. bara (barella), Fr. bière. The root is the primit. Aryan bher, ‘to carry,’ which is widely diffused, and appears in ModHG. Bürde, gebären, Geburt, as well as in Zuber; it occurs in Ind. as bhar, in Gr. as φερ, in Lat. as fer. From this root the OTeut. languages, in agreement with all the other Aryan tongues, formed a str. vb., Goth. baìran, OHG. bëran, MidHG. bërn (the latter means only ‘to bear fruit, produce, give birth to’), AS. bëran, E. to bear. Comp. espec. gebären.

Bai (1.), f., ‘bay of a window,’ from MidHG. beie, ‘window,’ which with the following word is of Rom. origin; comp. E. bay, Fr. baie, ‘bay (of a window).’

Bai (2.), f., ‘bay,’ derived through LG. from E. bay (MidE. baie), which was borrowed from Rom.; Fr. baie, Ital. baja, Span. and Iber. (in Isidore), baja, ‘haven’; prop. identical with the preceding word.

Bake, f., ‘a mark at the entrance of a harbour as a warning against shallows, buoy’; from Fris. like other technical terms relating to the sea, Fris. bâken (comp. Back), whence LG. bâke, Du. baak. It is based upon Goth. *baukn, n., which by a regular change became beácen, ‘beacon,’ in AS.; comp. E. beacon and beckon. OHG.

bouhhan, MidHG. bouchen, OLG. bôcan, ‘beacon, model,’ are corresponding terms. Thus the OTeut. word meant generally ‘sign.’ Bake has been restricted to a definite caution signal.

Balbier, m., for Barbier.

Balche, f., see Bolch.

Balcon, see Balken.

bald, adv., ‘soon, nearly, quickly,’ based upon an OTeut. adj. which signified ‘quick, bold, brave’; Goth. balþs, ‘bold,’ preserved only in derivs., AS. beald (with the change of þ after l to d, comp. Wald, falten), E. bold, OIc. ballr, ‘bold, impudent, audacious’; also OIc. baldr, AS. bealdor, ‘prince,’ whence the name of the god Balder. In HG. the meaning tended towards ‘bold, quick’; OHG. and OLG. bald, MidHG. balt (gen. baldes). ‘bold, zealous, quick’; comp. Ital. baldo, ‘bold.’ The development of meaning of the OHG. adv. baldo, MidHG. balde, is thus ‘boldly, — quickly, — immediately.’ The abstract Bälde, which is connected with it, meant lit. ‘boldness,’ like Goth. balþei and OHG. baldî; MidHG. belde, ‘audacity’; the meaning of the ModHG. subst. is based immediately on the adv. To this word are allied proper names like Balduin, as well as Fr. Baudouin (applied to the ass).

Baldachin, m., ‘canopy,’ not from MidHG. baldekîn, ‘raw silk from Bagdad,’ but from Ital. baldacchino, which is identical with the MidHG. word, but has been specialised in meaning to the canopy made from such stuff.

Baldrian, m., ‘valerian,’ from MidHG. baldrian, from Lat. valeriana; comp. the E. term.

Balester, m., see Armbruſt.

Balg, m., ‘skin, case, bellows, brat,’ from the equiv. MidHG. balc (plur. bęlge), OHG. balg, plur. balgi, bęlgi, m.; Goth. balgs, plur. balgeis, ‘leather bottle,’ lit. ‘the flayed skin of an animal for keeping liquids.’ On the root balgi- is based AS. belg, bylg, E. belly (Balg, with the specialised meaning, ‘swollen body’), and E. bellows, plur. The primary idea of the root is ‘swelling out’; from the same root the OTeut. dialects form a str. vb. bëlgan (see Belſter), meaning ‘to swell’; OIc. bólgenn, ‘swollen’; OHG. bĕlgan, MidHG. bëlgen, ‘to swell, be angry.’ The pre-Teut. form of the stem according to the laws of the permutation of consonants is bhelgh, and to this corresponds Ind. barh (with the initial aspirate