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bristly, rough,’ mentioned under the preceding word, especially as Du. barsch means lit. ‘rough.’

Bart, m., ‘beard, comb, barb,’ from the equiv. MidHG. bart, OHG. bart, m.; comp. Du. baard, AS. and E. beard. For this Teut. word, the existence of which is proved by the ethnical term Langobarden to be extremely remote, skegg was used in Scand. The pre-Teut. form of Goth. *barda, f., was, in accordance with the permutation of consonants, bhardhâ — which is also presumed by OSlov. brada (with the usual loss of aspiration and metathesis of the r), and Lat. barba (with b for dh when next to r, comp. rot, Wort; the initial b is from bh, as in Backe; in other cases initial bh is Lat. f). Comp. also Lith. barzdà, ‘beard’ (for *bardà).

Barte (1.), f., ‘broad axe,’ from the equiv. MidHG. barte, OHG. barta, f.; in Bav.-Suab. the word, which is properly North G., does not occur; allied to ODu. and OSax. barda, OIc. barða (OFr. barde, ‘hatchet,’ is borrowed from Teut.). From this word OSlov. brady, f., ‘axe,’ is borrowed. The words are derivatives of the stem bhardh- appearing in Bart; the axe is, as it were, ‘the bearded thing,’ OIc. skeggja, ‘broad axe,’ being related in a similar way to ‘beard’; likewise MidE. barbe (from Lat.-Rom. barba) signifies, among other things, ‘edge of the axe.’ Comp. Hellebarde.

Barte (2.), f., ‘baleen,’ a deriv. of Bart, first occurring in ModHG., and akin to Barte; comp. E. barbs, from Lat. barba; Du. baarden, plur.

Baſe, f. (dialect. designating any of the remoter degrees of relation on the female side, e.g., in the Basle dial. ‘aunt, niece, cousin’), ‘cousin, aunt,’ from MidHG. base, OHG. basa, ‘father's sister’; the AS. and Fris. dialects have a word allied to Vater; AS. faþu, OFris. fethe. The Teut. type faþôn is certainly only a term of endearment for faþar-, fadar-suëstar, ‘father’s sister.’ Probably OHG. basa is also a pet or childish name for the proper badar-, fadar-swësô. The same might be said of the variant MidG. and LG. Waſe, and with the necessary qualifications of the masc. Baas.

Baſt, m., ‘inner bark of trees, husk,’ from the equiv. MidHG. bast (also buost with gradation), OHG. *bast, m., n. It corresponds to AS. bœst, E., Du. and OIc. bast, Goth. *bastus. Hence the deriv. OHG. and MidHG. besten, ‘to strap,’ as well as the

Rom. cognate basto, ‘pack-saddie’ (see under Baſtard), with which Swiss bašt, ‘saddle,’ agrees. There is no justification for deriving the words from binden, for the absence of the nasal, the occurrence of st (for which we should have expected ss from dh + t), and the gradation in MidHG. buost render such a derivation impossible. The resemblance in sound between this word and binden proves nothing as to the etymology; this popular and superficial derivation was suggested by the use of bast. The Teut. word, which is more probably connected with the root bes appearing in Beſen, found its way into Rom.; comp. Ital. basta, ‘basting, stitching.’

Baſtard, m., ‘bastard,’ from Fr. bâtard, bastard (Ital. bastardo), borrowed in the Middle Ages (MidHG. bastart). MidE. bast, ‘illegal marriage,’ and OFr. fils de bast, ‘illegitimate son,’ indicate the primary meaning of the Rom. word, which came to England with William I., and at a later period made its way to Scandinavia. The OFr. bastard (Fr. bâtard) has a Teut. termination; see Bankert. The first part of the word, which in MidE. and OFr. signifies ‘illegal marriage,’ is generally derived from MidLat. and Rom. bastum, ‘pack-saddle’; comp. Ital. and Span. basto, Fr. bât, ‘pack-saddle.’ Baſtard would then mean ‘the son of a pack saddle’ (comp. Baſt) the saddles serving the Spanish muleteers as beds; comp. Bankert. Scand. bastarðr, whence some would derive the modern Europ. word, did not reach the North before 1200 A.D. nearly.

Baſtei, f., ‘bastion,’ from earlier ModHG. bastîe; comp. OFr. bastie (allied. to OItal. bastire; Fr. bâtir); it is akin to Baſtion, f., borrowed from Fr. bastion, Ital. bastione.

Baß (1.), m., ‘bass,’ derived like many other musical terms from Ital. (basso).

baß (2.), compar. adv., ‘better,’ from the equiv. MidHG. baȥ, OHG. baȥ; comp. OSax. bat-bet, AS. bet from batiz (Goth. *batis); it is an old adv. from the adj. discussed under beſſer. The almost invariable use at present of the adv. beſſer, instead of the older baß, is due to the fact that the formation of the adv. was no longer understood, and that the adj. at the same time has in every case assumed an adv. function.

Bathengel, m., ‘germander,’ a corruption of Lat. betonicula, dimin. of Lat. betonica, whence MidHG. batônje.