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May, 1918 THE SUBSPECIES OF THE BROWN In newly acquired fall plumage the three subspecies of Pipilo cri}salis are readily distinguished, the general tone of crissalis being reddish, and of carolae gray, while se?icula is appreciably darker than the other two. Senicula is fur- ther distinguished by its small size and short, stubby bill. Color differences be- tween the races are somewhat obscured in worn and faded plumage, of course, but even in such cases they can usually be separated without difficulty. This statement naturally does not apply to specimens from intermediate localities, in which intergradation between races occurs. Piprio cri.?.?alis cri.?salis (Vigors). California Brown Towbee Type locality.?Monterey, California. Range.--Humid coast region of northern and central California, from Humboldt County at the north, south to San Luis Obispo County; in other words, the relatively nar- row strip west of the inner coast ranges in Ylumboldt, Mendocino, western Sonoma and Marin counties, the San Francisco Bay region east into Contra Costa County, and south- ward in San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito and northern San Luis Obispo counties. Specimens examined from the following localities.--Humboldt County: Cuddeback, 3. Mendocino County: Mount Sanhedrin, 1; Covelo, 4. Sonoma County: Guerneville, 7; Cazadero, 2; Freestone, 5. Marin County: BollhaS, 1; Nicasio, 4; Inverness, 2. Alameda County: Berkeley, 4; Oakland, 1; Piedmont, 1; Alameda, 1. Contra Costa County: Wal- nut Creek, 3; Mount Diablo, 1. Santa Clara County: Palo Alto, 6. Monterey County: Pacific Grove, 2; Carmel River, 1; Little Sur River, 1; Big Creek, 3; Partington Point, 1; Jolon, 2. San Benito County: Paicines, 5; Mulberry, 1. San Luis Obispo County: Paso Robles, 4. Total, 66. Distinguishing characters.--The generally reddish coloration serves to distinguish Pipilo crissalis crissalis from either of the other two related subspecies. In measure- ments, P.c. crissalis in its typical form is close to P.c. carolae. Where the range of P. c. senicula is approached there is a diminution in size, so that in this sense crissalis may oe said to be intermediate in measurements between carolae and senicula. Remarks.---Brown Towhees from the general vicinity of Monterey, the type locality of Fringilla crissalis, by no means exhibit the extreme differentiation of the peculiar characteristics of the coast race. The bright reddish coloration of this subspecies, the outstanding feature of the race, is farthest developed in birds from immediately north and south of San Francisco Bay, as shown by specimens from Sonoma, Marin and Santa Clara counties. Between this extreme and that of the slaty hue of the birds from San Diego County, there is a nicely graded se- ries of steps, changes in hue corresponding closely with the geographical position of the specimens examined. Changes in measurements take place similarly. A series of skins from Paicines and Mulberry, San Benito County, about at the boundary line I have indicated between the ranges of P.c. crissalis and P.c. carolae, are intermediate in character between these two races. I have referred these birds to the subspecies crissalis, which they most nearly resemble, but in their indeterminate appearance they are closely similar to other intermediates frown San Luis Obispo County, between crissalis and senicula. Material at hand from Humboldt and Mendocino counties is limited in quan- tity, and unsatisfactory for subspecific discrimination, the specimens being all young birds, or else faded and molting adults. However, they appear to be all referable to P.c. crissalis, though again less reddish colored than San Francisco Bay specimens; possibly they all exemplify varying stages of intermediateness toward P.c. carolae. Piprio crissalis carolae McGregor. Northern Brown Towhee Type locality.--Battle Creek, near Balls Ferry, Shasta County, California. Range.--From southwestern Oregon (east of the Coast Range in Douglas and Jose-