was besieging Kaifeng he attempted to relieve the city, but his force was routed and many of his men drowned. Nevertheless he reported success and claimed rewards. He disregarded his orders, raided the country south of Lin-ch'ing, and when the censor Han Ju-yü 韓如愈 impeached his lawlessness, he had him murdered.
When the dynasty fell he went to Nanking and joined the Ma Shih-ying [q. v.] faction in support of the Prince of Fu (see under Chu Yu-sung). He was appointed one of the Four Guardian Generals, along with Kao Chieh, Liu Liang-tso, and Huang Tê-kung [qq. v.], given the title of earl, later marquis, of Tung-p'ing 東平 and assigned headquarters at Huai-an, northern Kiangsu, with jurisdiction over Shantung. He used his military prestige to engage in intrigue at the Nanking court, working hand in glove with Ma Shih-ying and clashing with the reform faction led by Chiang Yüeh-kuang and Liu Tsung-chou [qq. v.]. In 1645 when the Manchu prince Dodo [q. v.] was besieging Yangchow he sent General Junta (see under Hûrhan) with a detachment to Huai-an. Liu Tsê-ch'ing, with more than fifty of his officers, 2,000 men, and 30 ships, surrendered to him and was sent to Peking where he was given the rank of third class viscount. In 1648 he was charged with conspiring with some of his fellow-townsmen to place a distant relative of the late Ming emperor on the throne. On December 9 Liu was executed and his family sent into exile.
[M.1/273/15b; 2/80/43b; M.59/64/11a; M.35/13/12a; Mao Nai-yung 毛乃庸, 季明封爵表 Chi-Ming fêng-chüeh piao (1933) 1b.]
LIU Tsung-chou 劉宗周, (T. 起東, H. original name 憲章, H. 念臺, 克念, 蕺山), Mar. 4, 1578–1645, July 30, Ming philosopher and scholar, was a native of Shan-yin, Chekiang. A posthumous child, he was educated by his maternal grandfather, Chang Ying 章穎 (T. 叔魯, 南洲, d. 1605, age ninety-two sui), and became a chin-shih in 1601. On account of the death of his mother in that year he did not take office until 1604 when he was appointed an emissary (行人) in the Office for the Transmission of Imperial Messages. He resigned the following year in order to take care of an aged grandfather but resumed his post in 1612, only to retire again two years later. In 1621 he was made a secretary in the Board of Ceremonies and nine days after taking office attacked the powerful eunuch, Wei Chung-hsien [q. v.], and his notorious accomplice, Madam K'o (see under Chu Yu-chiao). Despite the eunuch's enmity he was promoted in 1623 to the post of vice-president of the Court of the Imperial Stud, resigning in the same year on account of illness. At his retreat at Chi-shan 蕺山, near his birthplace, he lectured on Confucius, Mencius, and the Sung philosophers, and developed his practice of spending half of each day in study, half in meditation. In 1629 he resumed office as governor of Shun-t'ien-fu, but resigned the next year to lecture at the Academy, Shih-k'uei shu-yüan 石匱書院, in his native town. He held office again for a short time in 1636 as senior vice-president of the Board of Works. Finally in 1642 he was made president of the Censorate. He memorialized strongly on dynastic reform and defense, opposed the employment of the Jesuit Adam Schall (see under Yang Kuang-hsien), and so antagonized the emperor that he was dismissed in less than a year. When Peking fell he proved his loyalty to the dynasty, was again appointed president of the Censorate at the Nanking Court where he attacked the corrupt practices of Ma Shih-ying and Juan Ta-ch'êng [qq. v.] and resigned, finally terminating a turbulent official career during which he had held office six and one half years, been in active service four years and been degraded to the status of commoner three times. After Nanking and Hangchow fell in succession to the Manchus he despaired of restoration and refused food and drink until he died July 30, 1645.
A member of the Tung-lin 東林 party, Liu Tsung-chou deplored its partisan politics. He was a thorough Confucianist, following in the main the school of Chu Hsi (see under Hu Wei) but emphasizing meditation and self-examination (shên tu 愼獨), drawn from the phrase in The Doctrine of the Mean, "the superior man is watchful over himself when he is alone." For a time he admired Wang Shou-jên (see under Chang Li-hsiang) but became increasingly critical of his philosophy of "intuitive knowledge" (良知) especially as it was interpreted by the Ch'an (Zen) Buddhists who were attempting to use it as a means of winning over the Confucianists. The most famous of his pupils was Huang Tsung-hsi [q. v.] and it was largely to the latter that his popularity as a moral philosopher was due. His best known work is the 證人小譜 Chêng-jên hsiao-p'u, being a classification of men
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