from the book with notes by various interpretors, especially Chêng Hsüan; and the 儀禮圖 I-li t'u (1805), in 6 chüan, which exhibits minutely by means of diagrams the various rules of etiquette. Chang also made a study of the most difficult four chapters of Mo Ti (see under Pi Yüan)—those concerning definitions—and thus he wrote the 墨子經說解 Mo-tzŭ ching-shuo chieh, in 2 chüan, which was completed in 1792. A number of errors in this work were later corrected by Sun I-jang [q. v.]. Chang Hui-yen also attempted to classify the dictionary, Shuo-wên (see under Tuan Yü-ts'ai), according to rhymes. His manuscript on this work was expanded and published by his son, Chang Ch'êng-sun 張成孫 (T. 彥惟, b. 1789), in 1836, under the title 說文諧聲譜 Shuo-wên hsieh-shêng p'u in 9 chüan.
Chang Hui-yen, together with Yün Ching, founded the Yang-hu School (陽湖派) of short prose writing. His own prose productions, including essays, letters, biographies, epitaphs, and prefaces, were arranged chronologically in 5 chüan. and published in 1809, under the title 茗柯文編 Ming-k'o wên-pien, a supplement of 4 chüan, being added in 1835. In the writing of tz'ŭ (poems in irregular metre) Chang was the leader of the so-called Ch'ang-chou School (常州派) of which his nephew, Tung Shih-hsi 董士錫 (T. 晉卿, 損甫), was also a prominent member. Chang Hui-yen's own contribution to this type of verse, entitled 茗柯詞 Ming-k'o tz'ŭ, printed in 1822, is marked by directness and freedom from excessive ornamentation. In collaboration with his brother, Chang Ch'i [q. v.] he compiled an anthology of such verse, 詞選 Tz'ŭ-hsüan (printed in 1797), which is regarded as one of the best of its kind.
[1/488/2b; 3/132/36a; 7/36/12a; 17/9/16a; 26/3/3a; 29/8/4a; 武進陽湖縣志 Wu-chin Yang-hu hsien-chih (1879) 23/5b; Chiang Shu-ko 姜書閣, 桐城文派評述 T'ung-ch'êng wên-p'ai p'ing-shu (1920) pp. 45–59; Ch'ên Chu 陳柱, 墨學十論 Mo-hsüeh shih-lun (1928) p. 186; Liang Ch'i-ch'ao (see under T'an Ssŭ-t'ung), 中國近三百年學術史 Chung-kuo chin san-pai-nien hsüeh-shu shih (1926) p. 288; Sun I-jang, Mo-tzŭ chien-ku, 總目 1b, chüan 10, 墨附 27a; P'ei Chan-jung 裴占榮, 虞仲翔先生年譜 Yü Chung-hsiang hsien-shêng nien-p'u, Bul. Nat. Library of Peiping, vol. VII, no. 1, pp. 51–79 for dates of Yü Fan.]
CHANG Jan 張然 (T. 陶庵) 17th century, a native of Hsiu-shui, Chekiang, was the second son of Chang Lien [q. v.]. Adept at drawing and having learned landscape architecture from his father, he went to Peking and there constructed for Fêng P'u [q. v.] the garden known as Wan-liu-t'ang 萬柳堂, and for Wang Hsi [q. v.] the I-yüan 怡園, both famous private gardens much applauded by contemporary and later poets. He was the architect charged in 1680 with the reconstruction of the Ying-t'ai 瀛臺, or "Ocean Terrace", which stands in that part of the palace area known as the Nan-hai, or "Southern Sea". He served the Court for more than thirty years during which he supervised the construction of the Ching-ming yüan 靜明園, a garden still standing at the foot of Jade Fountain, and the Ch'ang-ch'un yüan (see under Hsüan-yeh), a former imperial garden south of the Yüan-ming Yüan, the Old Summer Palace.
[27/8/22b; see bibliography for Chang Lien.]
CHANG Kuang-ssŭ 張廣泗 d. 1749, Jan. 30, general, was a member of the Chinese Plain Red Banner. When he was a student of the Imperial Academy he obtained by purchase the rank of a prefect, and in 1722 was appointed magistrate of Ssŭ-chou-fu, Kweichow. In 1726 he was transferred to Ch'u-hsiung-fu, Yunnan, but was ordered to remain in Kweichow as prefect of Li-p'ing-fu when O-êr-t'ai [q. v.], then governor-general of Yunnan and Kweichow, needed his help in putting down the insurrection of a tribe of Miao at Ch'ang-chai. From then on Chang became a trusted protégé of O-êr-t'ai who in turn was a confidant of Emperor Shih-tsung. In 1727 he was promoted to the post of provincial judge of Kweichow and in 1728, because of his success in pacifying the aborigines, was made governor of that province. Early in 1729, in consultation with O-êr-t'ai, he effected such improvements in conditions that in 1732 he was awarded the minor hereditary rank of Ch'i-tu-yü.
In the meantime war was raging in the northwest against the Eleuths (see under Furdan and Tsereng), and Yüeh Chung-ch'i [q. v.], commander-in-chief of the army at Barkul, was reprimanded by O-êr-t'ai (then a Grand Secretary) for failure to repel the Eleuth raiders. Chang was appointed (March 1732)—perhaps upon the recommendation of O-êr-t'ai—an assistant to Yüeh but he complained of Yüeh's tactics, with the result that in August 1732 the
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