victories it had were too inglorious to warrant a display of power. In fact it is questionable whether Emperor Hsüan-tsung was justified in reviving them in the case of Ch'ang-ling whose victory amounted only to the suppression of a minor rebellion. Incidentally, Ch'ang-ling was the last official of the dynasty to be raised to a dukedom.
As soon as Jehangir was captured Ch'ang-ling was ordered to return to Peking, leaving the settlement of affairs at Kashgar to Na-Yen-ch'êng. He reached Peking in July 1828 and continued to serve as Grand Secretary and as Grand Councilor, but was given concurrently several other high ranks. On his seventy-first birthday, late that year, he was showered with many unusual gifts. However, in 1830 the Khokandians, who were debarred from trade for giving protection to other members of Jehangir's family, attacked Kashgar and Yarkand. Ch'ang-ling was again sent as General Yang-wei to punish the invaders. Before he arrived at Aksu (early in 1831) the Khokandians had already retreated from the border. After investigating their complaints an agreement was reached with them by which trade was resumed and tax on merchandise was remitted in return for a doubtful promise of keeping the Hodjas in check. In later years the Hodjas caused two minor disturbances—in 1846 (see under I-shan) and in 1857—and a serious one lasting more than fourteen years in 1864–78 (see under Tso Tsung-t'ang).
While settling the Mohammedan affairs in 1831 Ch'ang-ling was given the high honorary title of Grand Tutor. He returned to Peking in 1832. Three years later he received a complete set of eight engravings depicting the memorable scenes of his campaign in Chinese Turkestan, entitled 平定囘疆戰圖 P'ing-ting Hui-chiang chan-t'u. The official history of the campaign, entitled P'ing-ting Hui-chiang chiao-ch'in ni-i fang-lüeh (剿擒逆裔方略) 80 + 6 chüan, was completed in 1830 but was not printed until years later. In 1837, on his eightieth birthday, his dukedom was raised to the first class. He died on the following Chinese New Year's Day and was given many posthumous honors, including the name, Wên-hsiang 文襄 and commemoration in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. He left an account of his life, entitled 長文襄公年譜 Ch'ang Wên-hsiang kung nien-p'u, 4 chüan, which was printed in 1841 by his son, Kuei-lun 桂輪. The family studio bore the name, Kuei-ts'ung t'ang 桂叢堂.
Ch'ang-ling's only brother, Hui-ling 惠齡 (1743–1804, posthumous name, Ch'in-hsiang 勤襄), was governor-general of Szechwan where he took part in the campaign against the Gurkas (see under Fu-k'ang-an). Later he fought against the White Lily Sect in Hupeh. His last post was governor-general of Shensi and Kansu (1801–04), and after his death he was given the hereditary rank of a baron of the second class. Owing to the fact that his son and heir, Kuei-pin 桂斌, was killed in 1826 at Khotan when the insurgents under Jehangir took that city, the hereditary rank was raised to the first class.
[Ch'ang Wên-hsiang kung nien-p'u; 1/373/1a; 2/36/1a; 7/22/29a; 11/42/48b; 1/351/2b; Tung-hua-lu, Tao-kuang; 新疆圖志 Hsin-chiang t'u-chih (1923).]
CH'ANG-ning 常寧, Dec. 8, 1657–1703, July 20, was the fifth son of Emperor Shih-tsu (see under Fu-lin) by a secondary consort, née Ch'ên (陳). After 1820 his name was written Ch'ang-ying 常穎 to avoid the personal name of Emperor Hsüan-tsung (see under Min-ning). In 1661 his father died and his half-brother, Emperor Shêng-tsu, who was three years his senior, succeeded to the throne. Ten years later he was given, by Emperor Shêng-tsu, a princedom of the first degree with the designation, Kung (恭親王). His palace was situated on T'ieh-shih-tzŭ hu-t'ung 鐵獅子胡同 in Peking.
In 1690, when expeditionary forces were sent to Inner Mongolia to stem the southern advance of Galdan [q. v.], Ch'ang-ning and another elder half-brother, Fu-ch'üan [q. v.], were made commanders-in-chief. Ch'ang-ning was given the title, An-pei Ta-chiang-chün 安北大將軍, with orders to lead an army through the Pass, Hsi-fêng-k'ou 喜峰口, but was soon directed to combine his force with that of Fu-ch'üan. Their joint forces defeated Galdan, but because they allowed the latter to escape unmolested, most of the officers in the force were either degraded or fined (see under Fu-ch'üan). Ch'ang-ning was deprived of his place in the council of princes and high officials, and was fined a sum equivalent to three years' salary. In 1696 he again took part in the expedition to the Kerulun River in Mongolia to fight Galdan (see under Fiyanggû).
After Ch'ang-ning died, he was not given full posthumous honors, considering his status as a
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