ANISSON-DUPERRON, a family of Dauphiné, of which the following members deserve notice:—Charles Anisson, a monk, ambassador to the Roman court on behalf of Henri IV.—Laurent, nephew of the preceding, a publisher, who lived at Lyons about 1670.—Jean, the eldest son of Laurent, lived about the end of the seventeenth and the commencement of the eighteenth centuries. He edited the Greek lexicon of Du Cange, was appointed superintendent of the royal printing-office at the Louvre, and in 1713 was sent to London as one of the French commissioners for arranging the preliminaries of the peace of Utrecht. His eldest son, Louis Laurent, became director of the royal printing-office in 1723, and was succeeded in 1733 by his brother Jacques.—Etienne Alexandre Jacques, a son of the latter, was born in 1748, and in 1788 succeeded to his father's office. la 1790 he undertook to print the assignats, but failed to give satisfaction, and was obliged to resign. In 1794 he was arrested on some unknown charge, and having vainly attempted to extricate himself by bribery, was executed. He claims the invention of several improvements in the printing-press.—Alexandre Jacques Laurent was born in 1776, and after being employed in various departments of the civil service under the empire, became director of the imperial printing-office in 1809, a situation which he retained after the abdication of Napoleon. The privileges of the royal press were, however, soon abolished. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, Anisson withdrew into private life, but was reappointed at the termination of the "hundred days." In 1823 the privileges of the royal press were restored, but on the reestablishment of the censorship in 1827, Anisson tendered his final resignation. The remainder of his life he devoted to the study of political economy. He represented, in succession, various constituencies in the chamber of deputies, and in 1844 was raised to the peerage. He was one of the founders of the French free-trade association.—J. W. S.
ANITCHKOV, Dimitri Sergiewitch, a Russian metaphysician and mathematician, born 1740, died 1778.
ANJOU, Counts afterwards Dukes of, a powerful French family, closely connected with the royal house, who maintained a considerable share of independence until the reign of Louis XI. The most ancient branch of these princes derives its origin from Ingelger, a favourite of Charles the Bald, a.d. 870.
ANJOU, Charles of. See Charles of Anjou.
ANKARKRO´NA, Theodor (Christoffers), a Swedish admiral, was born in 1687, and died in 1750.
ANKARSTROEM, Johann Jakob, a Swedish noble, who was born in 1759, and executed in 1792, for the assassination of the tyrant king, Gustav III.
ANKER or ANCHER, Peder Kofod, a Danish lawyer, professor of jurisprudence at the university of Copenhagen. He was born in 1710, and died in 1788.
ANLAF or AMLAVE. There have been several Danish chiefs of this name connected with Irish history. The first of whom mention is made in Irish annals, invaded Ireland with his brothers Sitric and Ivar, in the beginning of the ninth century. The most distinguished of the name was Anlaf, who flourished in the 10th century, probably the grandson of Ivar, a man of great abilities as a warrior, and a cautious and skilful politician. He espoused the cause of the king of Scotland against Athelstane of England, but being unsuccessful, he was forced to return to Ireland. After the death of Athelstane, Anlaf entered into communication with the Danes of Northumberland, and, with the assistance of Olaus, king of Norway, raised a large force, with which he entered Northumberland, and took possession of York without opposition. An engagement took place in 942 at Old Chester, between his troops and those of King Edmund, which, though not decisive for either side, led to a treaty by which Edmund ceded to Anlaf all the territory north of the Roman highway, and thus divided England into two nearly equal parts. Two years afterwards, however, he was involved in hostilities with Reginald, the son of his brother Godfred, in whose favour a portion of his subjects revolted, and Edmund, taking advantage of this state of things, at first mediated between them, but upon their joining to overthrow him, he attacked and utterly routed the armies of both, forcing Anlaf to retire to Ireland. In the reign of Edred, Anlaf was recalled by the Danes, and established in the government of Northumbria; but he was again driven from it and compelled to fly to Ireland, and Eric was chosen to fill his place. Once more he returned and defeated Eric, to be again routed in his turn, and to be again victorious. After these series of defeats and successes, we find no further authentic traces of him.—(Wills.)—J. F. W.
ANN, Saint, is said to have been the mother of the Virgin.
ANNA, the sister of Pygmalion, and of Dido, the foundress of Carthage, appears to have lived about 880 b.c.
ANNA, Amalia, princess of Prussia, was the sister of Frederick the Great. She was born in 1723, and, like her brother, possessed considerable talent for music. She was the pupil of the celebrated contrapuntist, Kirnberger, and composed several sacred cantatas, besides other compositions, said to have much merit. She died at Berlin in 1787, and bequeathed to the gymnasium of that capital a valuable library of music.—G. A. M.
ANNA COMNENA, one of the most successful female cultivators of literature, was born in a.d. 1083. She was the daughter of the Emperor Alexius Comnenus and of Irene. She boasts that she was not "unacquainted with letters, but, on the contrary, had given the utmost study to Greek, was not unpractised in rhetoric, and had carefully read Aristotle's arts and Plato's dialogues." She was married to Nicephorus Bryennius, a man whom she represents as a paragon of excellence. On the death of her father, she induced her husband to conspire against her brother, who had succeeded to the throne, and both, in consequence of this act, were banished to Bithynia. Here Nicephorus died, and Anna, in her solitude, began to write the Alexiad, or history of her father Alexius, mainly to carry out a literary project of her husband. This work is one of the most interesting in the whole series of Byzantine productions, though the style is inflated, and the vanity of the writer frequently appears. The Alexiad is not properly a history, but a glorification of its hero. Yet Anna throws so much of her personality into the narrative, and at the same time many of the events are so noteworthy, that the reader finds great delight in the perusal.—J. D.
ANNA IWANOWNA, empress of Russia, second daughter of the Czar Ivan or John, the elder brother, and for some time the associate, of Peter the Great. She displayed all the talent and unscrupulousness of the imperial house of Romanoff; making promises which she never meant to keep, yet governing the empire with considerable tact and judgment. She was not popular, because she suffered her policy to be influenced by her favourite, Biron. She discouraged gambling and drunkenness, the common vice of her country, while she fostered music and the drama. In her reign the Italian opera was first introduced into St. Petersburg. One of her imperial freaks was the erection of the famous palace of ice. She died in 1740.—T. J.
AN-NADIM-MOHAMMED-IBN-ISHAK, otherwise known as Abu-l-Faraj-Ibn-Abi-Syakub, an Arabian bibliographer of the tenth century.
ANNAS or ANANUS, the elder, the son of Seth, was high-priest of the Jews, a.d. 7. He was appointed to his office by Cyrenius, governor of Syria, and deposed by Valerius Gratus, the procurator of Judea. His son, bearing the same name, likewise held the office of high priest, and died about a.d. 67.
ANNAT or ANNATS, François, otherwise called Canard, a jesuit of Rodez in France, in the 17th century, who became provincial of his order, and confessor to Louis XVI..
ANNAT, Pierre, the nephew of the former, a French theological author, who died in 1715.
ANNATUS, Jerome, a jesuit, born in 1590, rector of various colleges, and ultimately confessor to Louis XIV.; a great opponent of the Jansenists. Died in Paris, 1670.
ANNAYA, Pedro d', a Portuguese admiral, a.d. 1500. He reduced the kingdom of Sofala, and some adjacent provinces of eastern Africa, under the Portuguese authority.
ANNE, duchess of the Viennois, after the death of her brother John I., resisted the claims of Robert of Burgundy with remarkable address and vigour. She died 1296, greatly reverenced by her countrymen.
ANNE of Austria, the queen of Lewis XIII. of France, was the daughter of Philip II. of Spain, and was married in 1615. During the lifetime of her husband, she was constantly at variance with his great minister, Cardinal Richelieu, and once, on the suspicion of conveying state intelligence to her native country, she underwent the ignominy of having her person searched, and her papers seized. The duke of Buckingham, the ill-fated minister of Charles I. of England, was deeply attached to Anne, and made open love to her. She reprimanded him so gently that it was thought she returned his affection. When
