cended the volcanic peak, Demawend, visited Ispahan, directed his course to the Persian gulf, and thence to Ferozbad. He explored Muscat and the island of Ormuz. He was compelled, by the state of his health, to return to Shiraz, which he reached in a very enfeebled condition. Thence he proceeded to Ispahan, where he was laid up with severe illness. During occasional brief respites, he still continued his botanical researches, until at length he was forced to desist; and he died on the 6th October, 1838, in the convent of Djulfa, in the arms of Dr. Bertoni, who had been assiduous in his attendance on him. M. le Comte Jaubert took charge of the publication of Aucher-Eloy's letters, and his account of his various journeys in the East, from 1830 to 1838. A genus of Compositæ has been named Auchera by De Candolle.—J. H. B.
AUCHMUTY, Sir Samuel, an English general, born in 1756, was the son of the Rev. Samuel Auchmuty, D.D., a clergyman of the church of England, settled in New York. He entered the British army as a volunteer in 1776, was present at the actions of White Plains and Brooklyn, and earned by two years' meritorious service the rank of ensign. He served with distinction in India from 1783 to 1796, taking part in the first siege of Seringapatam; and in the latter year had attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In the years 1801-3, he was employed as adjutant-general to the forces in Egypt; and, on his return to England in 1804, was honoured with a grand cross of the Bath. He was appointed in 1806 to the command of the troops in South America; and in January, 1807, carried by assault the city of Monte Video—a service for which he received the thanks of Parliament. In 1810 he signalised himself in India by the taking of the island of Java, and was again thanked by both houses. He died in 1822, having held for some time the post of commander of the forces in Ireland.—J. S., G.
AUCKLAND, Earl of. See Eden.
AUCLERE, Gabriel André, a French jurist, born about the middle of the last century, died in 1815, chiefly known for his endeavours to restore the ancient pagan worship; his ideas on which are given in a work entitled "La Treicie."
AUDA, Angelo, an Italian of the seventeenth century, who has left several works on monastic subjects.
AUDA, Dominico, a monk of Lantusca, near Nice, who lived in the earlier portion of the seventeenth century, practised as a physician. His principal work, "Breve Compendio di Maravigliosi Segreti," Rome, 1655-1660, treats of secret remedies, alchemical processes, and the preservation of health.
AUDÆUS or AUDIUS, a sectarian who flourished in the fourth century in Mesopotamia. He was banished into Scythia at the instigation of the clergy, and preached Christianity among the Goths, in whose territory he founded monasteries remarkable for the rigour of their discipline. His doctrines are not exactly known, but appear to have been upon the whole orthodox.
AUDE, Jean, a French dramatic author, was born in 1755, was employed by Buffon as private secretary, and afterwards produced a number of comedies, farces, and vaudevilles. He died in 1841.—J. W. S.
AUDEBERT, Jean Baptiste, a French painter, was born at Rochefort in 1759. In 1789 he became acquainted with one Gigot d'Orcy, a wealthy amateur in natural history, who employed him to paint the rarest specimens in his private museum, and in the public collections of England and Holland. These figures served to illustrate the entomological works of Olivier. Audebert soon afterwards published a natural history of the monkey tribe (Paris, 1800, fol.), illustrated with sixty coloured engravings. His "History of Humming-Birds," &c. (Paris, 1802, fol.), is considered the most splendid work of this kind ever produced. He executed also the illustrations for Levaillant's "Birds of Africa." Audebert died in 1800, leaving some other works unfinished.—J. W. S.
AUDEFROY LE BASTARD, a trouvere or troubadour of the twelfth century, whose poems, though monotonous, please by their warmth, simplicity, and delicacy of sentiment.
AUDENARDE or OUDENARDE, Robert van, a Flemish engraver of great merit. He was a pupil of Carlo Maratta, with whom he studied in Rome. Born at Gand in 1663, died in 1743.
AUDIBERT, Louis-François-Hilarion, a French writer, born at Marseilles about the end of the last century. He published "Histoire et Roman," Paris, 1834, 8vo.; biographies of the cardinal de Retz, Louis XI., Montesquieu, and Talma; two memoirs, inserted in "Le Plutarque François," and "Melange da Litterature et d'Histoire." Paris, 1839, 8vo.
AUDIBERT, Urbain, a botanist and agriculturist, was born at Tarascon, on the Rhone, on 27th February, 1789, and died on 22nd July, 1846. He prosecuted his botanical studies under De Candolle, and afterwards devoted much attention to the cultivation of forest trees, vines, cereal grains, and plants used for fodder. Along with Requien and Dunal, he undertook botanical trips, with the view of completing the flora of the midland part of France. He assisted in various agricultural and horticultural works, such as the "Annales de l'Agriculture Française," and the "Annales de Société d 'Horticulture."—J. H. B.
AUDIERNE, Jacques, a French mathematician, was born about 1710 at Beauchamps, in the valley of Montmorency, and died about 1785. He taught mathematics at Paris, and published, for the use of his pupils, "Les Elements d'Euclide démontres d'une manière nouvelle et facile," Paris, 1746, 12mo; "Traitè complet de Trigonometrie," ibid, 1756, 8vo; and "Elements de Geometrie," ibid, 1765, 8vo.
AUDIFRED, J. P., a French mathematician of the last century. In conjunction with F. N. Babeuf, he published a work entitled "Cadastre perpetuel," Paris, 1789, 8vo. He also took part in a work entitled "Nouvelle Theorie Astronomique."
AUDIFFREDI, Jean Baptiste, an astronomer and bibliographer, was born at Saorgio, near Nice, in 1714, and died 3rd July, 1794. He published "Phænomena Cælestia Observata," Rome, 1753 to 1756; "Transitus Veneris ante solem observati Romæ, 6 Junii, 1761, Expositio," Rome, 1762, 8vo; "Investigatio parallaxis solis, exercitatio Dadei Ruffi," (anagram of d'Audiffredi), Rome, 1765, 4to; "Dimonstrazione della stazione della Cometa, 1769," Rome, 1770. He subsequently exchanged the study of astronomy for that of bibliography, and published "Catalogus historico-criticus Romanarum editionum sæculi XV," Rome, 1785; "Catalogus bibliothecæ Casanatensis librorum typis impressorum," Rome, 1761-1788, four vols. folio. This catalogue goes no farther than the letter L; "Catalogus historico-criticus editionum Italicarum sæculi XV," Rome, 1794, 4to.
AUDIFFRET, a noble family, originally of Italy, but established for six centuries at Barcelonetta. This family has given to France many distinguished names. Among these are—
Audiffret, Jean-François-Hugues, Comte d', a superior officer, who served in 1746 under the Prince de Conti. He died about the end of the last century.
Audiffret, Polyeucte, a learned numismatist, born about 1750, and died in a convent at Naples in 1807.
Audiffret, François-Cesar-Joseph-Madelon, born in 1780, and died in 1814. He published "L'Almanach des Spectacles," Paris, 1809, 18mo.
Audiffret, Hercule, born in 1603, and died at Paris in 1659. He published several works on religious subjects.
Audiffret, Jean Baptiste, a diplomatist and geographer, born at Marseilles in 1657, and died at Nancy in 1733. He published "La Geographie Ancienne, Moderne, et Historique," Paris, 1689-91, two vols. 4to, and in 1694, in three vols. 12mo.
Audiffret, Louis, who lived about the beginning of the eighteenth century. He wrote a work entitled "L'Immuable fidélité de la ville de Marseille," published in 4to.—G. M.
AUDIGIER, a French historian of the eighteenth century. He was born at Claremont, in Auvergne, and having entered the church became canon of the cathedral of his native town, at the time that the celebrated Massillon was bishop. He is author of a work entitled "Histoire civile, litteraire, et religieuse de la province de l'Auvergne." It is to be found in manuscript in the national library at Paris.
AUDIGUIER DU MAZET, Henri d', advocate-general of the queen-mother. He is remembered as the author of a pamphlet entitled "Le Censeur Censuré."
AUDIGUIER, Vital d'Sieur de la Ménor, a man of letters and a soldier, was born about 1569, and died at Paris in 1624. He hesitated long about the choice of a profession, but at length embraced that of arms. In the end, however, he gave himself up entirely to the culture of letters. He published a great number of works both in prose and verse. A complete list of them has been given by Sorel.
AUDIN, J. M. V., a man of letters and a bookseller, was born at Lyons in 1793, and died 21st February, 1851. His first literary production, which was published in 1811, was an octavo pamphlet, entitled "La Lanterne Magique;" his next.
