he was made sub-librarian of the Institute. In 1827 he married a daughter of Alexandre Brongniart. In 1832 the Entomological Society of France was founded. He became the first president, and continued so for many years. In 1833 he succeeded Latreille in the chair of entomology. In 1837 he was appointed by the government to investigate the nature of the insect which was at that time devastating the vineyards of France. The result of this mission was the publication of a series of papers on this subject, embracing the natural history of the insect, and suggestions for its destruction. These were published in the "Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences," in the "Annales des Sciences Naturelles," and in the "Transactions of the French Entomological Society." These researches formed the basis of a great work, which was published in Paris after the death of Audouin, entitled "Histoire des Insects Nuisible a la vigne et particulierement de la pyrale, qui devaste les vignobles," &c. This work was beautifully illustrated, and published in parts. The latter parts were edited by Milne Edwards and M. Blanchard. Although Audouin is principally known as an entomologist, he by no means confined his attention to this particular branch of science, and, perhaps, his great reputation as an entomologist depended as much on a general knowledge of the principles of physiology and classification as his acquaintance with the forms of insect life. He published several works in conjunction with Milne Edwards. Several of these were devoted to the anatomy and physiology of the Crustacea. A more general work by these two celebrated authors, was entitled "Researches on the natural history of the shores of France," Paris, 1830. Audouin was distinguished for the ability with which he applied his entomological knowledge to practical purposes. At the time the silkworms of France were suffering from the attacks of a peculiar fungus, this disease was investigated by Audouin, and he produced a work on it, entitled "Anatomical and Physiological Researches upon a contagious disease which attacks silkworms, and which is ordinarily called 'muscardine.'" He published a great number of papers on entomology in the "Transactions of the French Entomological Society," and also contributed various articles to the "Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle," the "Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire Naturelle," and the English "Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology."—(Nouvelle Biographie Universelle.)—E. L.
AUDOUIN DE GERONVAL, Maurice Ernest, a French litterateur, was born at Paris in 1802, and died in 1839. He published historical and political essays, some papers on agriculture, and a few works of imagination.
AUDOUIN, Pierre, a distinguished French engraver of modern times. A pupil of Beauverlet; he executed several of the best illustrations to the "Musée du Louvre," edited by Laurent. He was born in Paris in 1768, died in 1822.
AUDOUL, Gaspard, an advocate of the parliament of Paris, and member of the council of the duke of Orleans, was a native of Provence. His "Traité de l' Origine de la Régale et des Causes de son etablissement," 1708, was condemned by a brief of the pope in 1710.
AUDOVERE, wife of Chilperic, king of Franco, died about the year 580. See Chilperic.
AUDRA, Joseph, a French abbé, professor of history and philosophy at Toulouse, was born at Lyons in 1714. He published, in 1770, an abridgment of Voltaire's "Essai sur les Mœurs," which drew down on him the censure of his ecclesiastical superiors. Died in the same year.
AUDRADUS, called also MODICUS, chorepiscopus, or rural bishop of Sens, born about the beginning of the ninth century, died about the year 854. He adopted the character of a prophetic visionary, and wrote an account of his visions, and a poem entitled "Fons Vitæ."
AUDRAN. The name of several celebrated engravers of Lyons during the seventeenth century. Amongst the eight members of this highly distinguished family, Jean and Gerard stand foremost. They reproduced a large number of the best paintings by the leading artists of their time. Gerard, especially, is considered as having been the greatest historical engraver of France during the whole century.
AUDRAN, Prosper Gabriel, a distinguished Hebraist, born at Paris in 1744. He was for some years a judicial member of the civic court of Paris, but resigned that situation in 1784. He published a Hebrew grammar in 1805, and a grammar of Arabic in 1818. Died in 1819.
AUDREIN, Yves Marie, a French ecclesiastic and politician, deputy to the legislative assembly from Morbihan, belonged to the revolutionary party, and voted for the execution of the king. He was murdered in 1800, while on his way to Quimper, of which he had just been appointed bishop.
AUDREN DE KERDREL, Jean Maure, a French Benedictine monk, author of a "History of Brittany;" died at Marmoutier in 1725.
AUDRICHI, Everardo, an Italian philologist and antiquarian, lived towards the middle of the eighteenth century.
AUDRY, AUDRI, or ALDRIC, Saint, was born in 755, and died in 840. He was of noble family, and succeeded his friend Jeremie as archbishop of Sens in 829.
* AUDRY DE PUYRAVEAU, Pierre François, a French politician, who played a conspicuous part in the revolution of 1830, was born at Puyraveau in 1783. His immense storehouse in Paris was the head-quarters of the insurgents, and almost his entire property was risked in their hands. His energy and decision determined the success of the movement at a moment when the plans of its leaders had fallen into ominous confusion. He was a member of the constituent assembly in 1848, but has since retired from public life.
AUDUBON, John James, the distinguished American ornithologist, was born in Louisiana about 1780. His parents, who were of French origin, and in wealthy circumstances, sent him to Paris to finish his education, and he there studied design under the painter David. After his return to America, Audubon's father presented him with a large and valuable plantation; he married, and might have lived a life of ease and comfort in the bosom of a happy domestic circle; but it was the nature of Audubon to find home in the unreclaimed solitudes of his native continent, and companions in the wild denizens of the prairie and forest. A passion for free nature had grown with his growth and strengthened with his strength; and the study of birds had, beyond everything else, an irresistible charm for him. Audubon began to devote his life to the ornithology of North America. For years he saw little of his family, and spent many consecutive months in long and quite solitary journeys through the untrodden wildernesses, not even returning to shelter and civilization for the purpose of sketching the objects of his pursuit, but executing those coloured designs which have since become so famous, on the spot where the originals were obtained, and where the proper environment for each subject was immediately under his eye. Hence the wonderful fidelity and lifelike truth, not only of Audubon's bird-portraits, but of the accessories in each picture. These excursions, commencing about 1810, were continued during fifteen years, his family residence having been latterly fixed at Henderson, a village oh the Ohio. He was doomed to lose the precious results of these fifteen years of adventurous toil. Having gone to Philadelphia with two hundred drawings, representing one thousand different birds, he deposited them in the house of a relative, and left the city for some weeks. He returned to find his drawings destroyed by rats. A severe and lengthened fever was the consequence of this heavy blow; but Audubon had physical and mental elasticity enough to recover from the shock. He again shouldered his fowling-piece, and resumed his former mode of life. After four years and a half of uninterrupted devotion to his purpose, the damage was made good, and the naturalist was again in a position to impart the fruits of his labour to the world. Finding, however, that proper facilities for bringing out the extensive and costly publication which he had in view, could not be afforded him in his native country, Audubon, in the year 1826, came over to England, where, as in France, he was received with the utmost distinction by men of the highest rank in science. The engravers were now set to work; and about the close of 1830 appeared at London the first volume of "The Birds of America," in folio, containing a hundred coloured plates, each subject being represented of life-size. The kings of England and France had placed their names at the head of his list of subscribers. It was not till the year 1839, eleven years subsequently to the publication of the first volume, that the appearance of the fourth and last completed this splendid work, which contains in all 1065 figures of birds. Audubon had, meanwhile, crossed and recrossed the Atlantic several times, alternately superintending the issue of his "Birds of America," and adding, by new and more extended labours in his old field, to the materials he had already collected. Parallel with the publication of the volumes of plates at Lon-
