French general, born at Besançon, Doubs, 21st August, 1774; died at Paris, 10th September, 1848. He was at first destined for the bar; but preferring a military career, he entered as a soldier in the second battalion of Doubs, and served in the army of the Rhine from the month Fructidor, in the year one of the Republic, until the 22nd Ventose, in the year eleven. He was admitted as sub-lieutenant into the school of engineers at Metz, and being afterwards called into active service, he rose through all the grades of his profession, until, after the revolution of 1830, he was named lieutenant-general. He was elevated to the peerage, 11th October, 1832.—G. M.
BAUDRICOURT, Jean de, marshal of France, died at Blois, 11th May, 1499. In 1472 Louis XI. conferred on him the collar of the order of St. Michael, and in 1480 made him governor of Bourgogne and Besançon. Having, during the feudal reaction of 1488, contributed greatly to the victory of St. Aubin, he was rewarded with the marshal's baton.
BAUDRILLART, Jacques Joseph, a celebrated French agriculturist, born at Givron in Ardennes on 20th May, 1774, and died at Paris, 24th March, 1832. He at first followed a military career, and afterwards settled in Paris. In 1802 he became connected with the administration of the forests, and finally became chief-inspector. He published several works on the treatment of forests, and the cultivation of trees.—J. H. B.
BAUDUIN, Dominique, a French theologian, professor of history at Maestricht, was born at Liege in 1742, and died in 1809. He wrote "La Religion Chretienne Justifiée au Tribunal de la Politique et de la Philosophie."
BAUDRY D'ASSON, Gabriel, a leader of the Vendeans during the French Revolution, born in Poitou in 1755; died in 1793. When the Revolution broke out, he was called to the command of the national guard of his native district. Being adverse to the proceedings of the national assembly, he was afterwards placed at the head of a body of peasantry, who seized on Châtillon-sur-Sèvre, and attacked Mortagne. They were, however, defeated and dispersed by the national guard, and Baudry was obliged to seek for safety in subterranean concealment. At the time of the great Vendean insurrection, he again placed himself at the head of the countrymen. He took part in the battle of Saint-Vincent de Luçon, and was killed at the attack on Mans.—G. M.
BAUDRY DES LOZIERES, Louis Narcisse, a French traveller, born at Paris in 1761; died in 1841. He wrote a "Voyage to Louisiana and the continent of South America," and some historical works.
BAUER, Anton, a distinguished writer on jurisprudence, was born at Marburg, 16th August, 1772. He was successively professor in the universities of Marburg and Göttingen. The juristic department to which he principally devoted himself, was that of criminal law. Amongst his works deserve to be mentioned, "Grundsatze des Criminalprocesses," 1805, (a highly improved edition of which appeared under the title, "Lehrbuch des Strafprozesses," 1835); "Grundzuge des Philosophischen Strafrechts;" "Die Warnungstheorie nebst einer Darstellung und Beurtheilung aller Strafrechtstheorien." He died at Göttingen, 1st June, 1843.—K. E.
* BAUER, Aurel Reinhold Eduin, was born at Walda, near Grossenhain in Saxony, 7th July, 1816. After having studied theology at Leipzig, he took an active part in the German catholic movement, and from 1845-49 acted as preacher to the German catholic communities in Saxony. He, however, resigned this office, and again embraced the doctrine of the protestant church. He has published numerous controversial pamphlets, and popular works on theology and biography.—K. E.
* BAUER, Bruno, one of the boldest of modern German rationalists, was born at Eisenberg in the duchy of Sachsen-Altenberg, on the 6th of September, 1819. His education was pursued in the seminaries and university of Berlin, and after completing his curriculum he was appointed to a professorship in theology. His fertile and daring spirit threw itself at once into the contests of the time, and he seems to have resolved to startle the world, rather than to enlighten it. Eccentric novelties have a special charm for him, and he does not conceal it. It is his delight to rebound as far as possible from ordinary forms of thought and belief. He has published a great deal, apparently not because it was useful, but because it was striking, and would excite surprise and speculation. That he is adventurous everybody knows; that his adventurousness is frequently useless and defiant, his friends are all prepared to admit. He was captivated by the Leben Jesu of Strauss, and though he would not admit all its principles, he published a review of it in 1835. His Hegelianism was then notorious, as may be seen in his "Journal of Speculative Theology," and his entire departure from Lutheran orthodoxy, may be read in his "Critical Exposition of the Religion of the Old Testament;" revelation in his nomenclature being the development of the universal self-consciousness. His works on the gospels are in a similar spirit; and it is difficult to say what authority on his principles such documents can possess. The scepticism of these productions led to the recall of his license to lecture at Bonn. He has occasionally written on political subjects, the events of 1848 affording him an ample text. In one of his latest works, "Kritik der Paulinischen Briefe," he goes beyond his compeers in denying the genuineness of the epistles, even of those which had not been impugned before—endeavouring by arguments, both petulant and inconsistent, to prove them to be productions of the second century. The critical works of Bruno Bauer want the erudition and depth of many similar productions in Germany. They are smart and sprightly, but are devoid of taste, research, and philological ingenuity. Even the school of Tübingen, so famed at the present time for their destructive criticism, can claim no affinity with him.—J. E.
BAUER, Christian Friedrich, a German theologian, author of an "Exposition of the Prophet Joel," and of "A Treatise on the Accentuation of Hebrew," was born at Hofgarten in Thuringia, and died at Wittenberg in 1782. He was professor of theology at Wittenberg.—J. S., G.
* BAUER, Edgar, a German political writer, was born at Charlottenburg, 7th October, 1820, and educated at the Friedrich-Wilhelms gymnasium and the university of Berlin. His earliest pamphlets were written in defence of his elder brother, Bruno, who had exercised a paramount influence on the development of his theological and political opinions. In consequence of a work entitled "Der Streit der Kritiz mit Kirche und Staat," he was prosecuted, found guilty of high treason, &c., and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment in the fortress of Magdeburg (1845), from which, however, he was released by the amnesty granted March 18, 1848. In all his writings he wages war against the existing forms of state, church, and society, which he considers as highly detrimental to the real progress and welfare of the human race. He now lives in London.—K. E.
BAUER, Ferdinand, an eminent botanical artist, was born in 1760 at Feldsperg in Austria. His father held the appointment of painter to the court of the reigning prince of Lichtenstein. In early youth the son showed a decided taste for natural history painting, and made delineations of animals and plants from nature. In 1784 he was engaged by Dr. John Sibthorp of Oxford, to accompany him as artist to Greece. They visited Athens, Corinth, the Grecian islands, and Cyprus. The result of their travels was the publication of the splendid work, entitled "Flora Græca," the drawings for which were executed by Bauer. The botanical delineations in that work are patterns of excellence. In 1801 he was appointed natural-history draughtsman to the expedition to Terra Australis, commanded by Captain Flinders of H.M.S. Investigator. His salary was £300 a year, with rations for himself and his servant. He carried on his artistic labours in Australia with great vigour and success. In the year 1803 he states, that between the period of his starting from and his return to Sydney, he had executed five hundred species of plants and ninety animals, especially birds. Captain Flinders having resolved to go back to Britain, Mr. Bauer awaited his return in Australia along with Mr. Robert Brown. During this period they visited Norfolk island, and collected materials for its Flora. In 1813 he commenced his illustrations of the Flora of New Holland. The work, however, was not encouraged, and it was accordingly suspended in 1814. He finally settled in the neighbourhood of Vienna, and there continued his botanical labours, paying, however, a visit to England in 1819. He executed the drawings for Lannbert's large and valuable work on the genus Pinus, and also aided in other botanical publications. He made excursions also to the Alps of Austria and Styria, with the view of collecting plants. He died on the 17th March, 1826, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. The greater part of his collections were bequeathed to his heirs-at-law. Two volumes, however, of miniature paintings of Australian plants and animals afterwards came into the possession of Dr. Robert Brown, and his herbarium, along with the skins of animals, &c.,
