moderation which he had at first assumed, the citizens rose against him and gave battle to his followers, who on the point of defeat dispersed, in terms of an offer of pardon. Cade afterwards tried to re-collect them, but in vain; and he was himself put to death in July, 1450, by Alexander Iden, "an esquire of Kent," as Shakspeare styles him in his Henry VI.—J. B.
CADENET, Elias, born about 1156; died, according to the account of Nostradamus, in 1280. He was a native of Provence, and a distinguished troubadour. His father is stated to have been killed in the siege of Cadenet in 1166. The orphan boy was adopted and educated by a nobleman of the district, Hunand de Lantur. He was taught all the fitting accomplishments of a chevalier of that period; and in the course of his apprenticeship to the "gay science," visited the courts of many princes and barons. Under what name he travelled during his wanderjahre, we have no means of knowing; but it was not till his return that he took the name of Cadenet, when all persons had forgotten the obscure orphan whose father had perished there. He now, in the manner of that day, and in the proper dialect of a troubadour, sighed for Marguerite, the wife of the seigneur de Riez, but sighed in vain. Raymond Langier of Deux-frères in the diocese of Nice, afterwards gives food and clothes to Cadenet, who was destined to go farther and fare worse. The accounts of Cadenet are inconsistent. He is said to have died in Palestine, warring against the infidels. Another account makes him pass the close of his life at St. Gilles, among the templars. His poems are not in any way distinguishable from those of the same class. They are on the usual subjects of love and religion, and in translation lose all interest. The amatory poems seem to us better than the religious.—J. A., D.
CADER B'ILLAH, Abu'l Abbas Ahmed, twenty-fifth of the Abbasside khalifs, came to the throne of Bagdad in 991. He is chiefly memorable from the fact that in 1011 he published a manifesto signed by the chiefs of the Fatimite family, denying the authenticity of the descent from Ali of the Ismaili or Fatimite khalifs of Egypt.—(See Caddah.) Cader died in 1031, distinguished as a patron of learning.—J. B.
CADET-DE-GASSICOURT, Charles Louis, a French pharmaceutist, was born at Paris in 1769, and died in 1821. He studied at the colleges of Navarre and Mazarin, and passed as advocate in 1787. In 1789 he retired from the bar, and took an active part in suppressing the pillage and massacres which were taking place at that time in Paris. By his conduct he involved himself in trouble, and was condemned to death by a military council. He contrived to escape, and some time afterwards he got the sentence reversed. In 1801 he took up the subject of pharmacy, and in 1806 was elected general secretary of the council of health. During the Austrian campaign he was appointed chief pharmaceutist to the emperor. He wrote many literary and scientific treatises—among others, a work on domestic chemistry, a dictionary of chemistry, an essay on the use of tea, a dissertation on jalap, and on the wax plant of America.—J. B., G.
CADET-DE-VAUX, Antoine Alexis François, a celebrated French chemist and pharmaceutist, was born at Paris in 1743, and died in 1828. Having lost his fortune, he entered the school of pharmacy, and having completed his studies there, he turned his attention in a special manner to chemistry in its application to rural and domestic economy. By the advice of Duhamel and Parmentier, he commenced in 1777 the Journal de Paris. He was instrumental in directing public notice to many important matters, such as destroying the noxious gases from sewers, the improper use of copper measures, the best mode of preparing bread, and of making wine, the preparation of gelatin from bones, and the economical manufacture of soap. He has also written upon the history and use of coffee, on the culture of tobacco, on the treatment of fruit trees, on the employment of fruits in domestic economy, on the saccharine matter of the apple and of the beet, and on the culture and use of the potato.—J. H. B.
CADET-GASSICOURT, Louis Claude, a French pharmaceutical chemist, born in Paris in 1731; died in 1799. He held several important public situations in connection with his profession, among others, chief pharmacopolist to the armies of Spain and Portugal. In 1766 he became member of the academy of sciences. He was the author of several valuable discoveries in chemistry; and in the memoirs of the academy are many of his contributions to that science. In some of his observations and experiments he was associated with Lavoisier, Macquer, and Darcot. To high ability as a scientific man, he united singular disinterestedness of character.—J. B., G.
CADMUS, according to ancient Greek tradition, was the leader of a colony of Phœnicians who settled at a very early date in Bœotia, and founded the city of Thebes. The Greeks attributed to him the introduction into their country of the sixteen simple alphabetical characters; and the close analogy in form between the Greek and Phœnician alphabets renders this account highly probable. The personal history of Cadmus is almost entirely fabulous.—W. M.
CADMUS of Miletus, spoken of by Strabo as the first Greek who wrote history in prose, lived probably about 540 b.c. His work was named "The Antiquities of Miletus and of all Ionia." Suidas speaks of another Cadmus, author of a "History of Athens," in sixteen books.
CADOC, Saint, son of a South Welsh prince; died in 550. He founded the monastery of Llancarvan, and, according to Fuller, devoted a part of his estates to the support of three hundred poor widows, besides pilgrims and ecclesiastics.
CADOGAN, Henry, a distinguished officer in the English army, grandnephew of William, Earl Cadogan, was born in 1780. He was lieutenant-colonel in the 71st, or Highland light infantry regiment, and distinguished himself in the most important engagements in the peninsular war. At Vittoria he was charged with the service of displacing the left wing of the French army from the heights of La Puebla, a previous attempt having been unsuccessful. Cadogan advanced with the 71st, and a battalion of General Walker's brigade, and at once carried the heights. He was mortally wounded in the charge, and having requested to be carried to a commanding position, he leant his back against a tree, and watched the progress of the battle with extraordinary enthusiasm till he expired. The duke of Wellington spoke of him in the very highest terms, both in his public despatches and private letters; and a monument depicting the scene of his death, was erected at the public expense in St. Paul's cathedral.—J. B.
CADOGAN, William, Earl, one of Marlborough's famous generals, was the son of an Irish barrister. He early entered the army, and became quartermaster of the forces in 1701. Having joined Marlborough in the Low Countries, he was wounded at Schullemberg in 1704, and distinguished himself at Blenheim. After doing other important service, he was made lieutenant-general in 1709. On the disgrace of his leader he resigned all his offices, determined to share his misfortune, but on the accession of George I. He was sent against the Pretender, and rewarded with a peerage in 1716. He was next created general, and sent as ambassador to the Hague, where in 1720 he signed, in behalf of Britain, the treaty of the quadruple alliance. When Marlborough died in 1722, Lord, now Earl Cadogan, was appointed to succeed him as commander-in-chief. He died in 1726.—J. B.
CADOUDAL, Georges, a celebrated Chouan chief, was the son of a miller in Morbihan, a department of Brittany. In the protracted and sanguinary contests between the royalists and republicans during the French revolution, the Chouans and Vendéans were the most resolute of the supporters of the royal cause; and the energy and ability of Cadoudal soon raised him to an influential position among the adherents of the house of Bourbon. By his exertions a thoroughly organized, and, for a time, successful resistance was made to the republican troops, in which he displayed military talent of a very high order. At this time attempts were made by Napoleon to gain over Cadoudal to the cause of the republic, and a lieutenant-generalship in the army was offered as the price of his submission; but he firmly declined all these overtures, and continued a determined royalist during the whole of the war. He afterwards engaged, in conjunction with General Pichegru and others, in a conspiracy, having for its object the overthrow of the consular government and the restoration of the monarchy; and having been discovered and arrested, he suffered capital punishment along with others of the conspirators in 1804.—W. M.
CADOVIUS or MÜLLER, John, a native of Friesland, born in 1650; died in 1725. His father, who had married while yet a schoolboy, wishing to conceal his paternity, gave him the name of Müller. He succeeded his father in the superintendency of East Friesland in 1679; and was, besides, a theologian, litterateur, and physician. His book, entitled "Memoriale Linguæ Frisicæ Antiquæ," first brought into notice the ancient dialect of his native province.
