CADWALADER, John, an officer in the American army during the revolutionary war, was born in Philadelphia about 1743. As soon as active opposition to the measures of the British ministry began, he took a prominent part in the controversy on the popular side. He served in the state convention which met in July, 1776, and took the government of Pennsylvania into its own hands. But his services were chiefly military; and though he acted only as a volunteer, or in command of the militia, he earned the confidence and esteem of Washington. He commanded a volunteer corps at the outbreak of the war, was afterwards appointed colonel of one of the city battalions, and finally was made brigadier-general, with which rank he commanded the Pennsylvania militia in the winter campaign of 1776-77. He was present, and did good service in the battles of Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He wounded in a duel General Conway, being provoked by his conduct as the leader of the cabal against the commander-in-chief. In 1778 congress appointed him general of cavalry, but he declined to accept the dignity. He afterwards became a member of the Maryland legislature. He died in 1786.—F. B.
CADWALADYR, king of Britain in 660. For his protection of the christians he was called one of the three blessed kings. This last king of the Britons died at Rome in 703, his dominions having been wrested from him by the Saxons.
CADWALLON, a Welsh prince of the seventh century. Defeated by Edwin in 622 he fled to Ireland. After his return he waged continual war with the Saxons. He was a patron of the Welsh bards, and received their praises.
CADWGAN, son of Bleddyn, a Welsh prince of the twelfth century. His son Owen having violated the wife of another prince, called Gerald, Cadwgan escaped to Ireland with the youth. At his return in 1110 he was murdered by a nephew of his own.
CÆCILIUS, Metellus, for twenty-two years pontifex maximus at Rome. While holding that office he rescued the palladium from the burning temple of Vesta, 241 b.c., which achievement cost him his sight. He was consul in 251, and gained a great victory over Hasdrubal, the Carthaginian general. He was consul again in 249, and dictator in 224.
CÆCILIUS or CECILIUS, Statius, a native of Milan, according to St. Jerome and Aulus Gellius. His death is said to have occurred in or about the year 168 b.c. He was a slave. He is said to have died one year later than Ennius, and two years before the representation of Terence's Andrian, which had been read to him, and which he spoke of with great admiration. The names of forty dramas of Cæcilius are recorded, but of his works nothing remains except a few lines preserved by accidental quotations. Varro, comparing him with other comic poets, speaks of the skill with which his plots are constructed. Cicero calls him the first of comic poets; Horace's line is in every one's memory—
" Vincere Cæcilius gravitate, Terentius arte."
It would appear that most of Cæcilius' comedies were formed from dramas of the Greek poets—chiefly Menander. A chapter of Aulus Gellius, in which he examines one of Cæcilius' plays, and quotes the corresponding passage of Menander, is worth looking at.—J. A., D.
CÆDMON, the famous Anglo-Saxon bard, was a native of Northumberland, and died in 676 or 680. His poetical talent lay hid till he had passed the midtime of his days. It is related, that if he chanced to be in a company where the guests were bound to sing each in his turn, he was wont, when he saw the harp approaching him, to retire, abashed by the feeling of his own inferiority. But a strange circumstance changed the whole course of his life: for it happened that one night, having thus slunk away from a banquet, he took refuge among the cattle. Falling asleep he dreamt that a stranger came and asked him to sing. Cædmon answered, it was because he could not sing that he had left the good company. But the stranger persisted, and gave him for a subject the creation; whereupon the sleeping herdsman poured forth an unstudied song, which was firmly imprinted on his memory when he awoke. He repeated his rude lines to the reeve, who introduced him into the abbey of St. Hilda, where a large auditory had assembled to test his newly-found talent. Cædmon was approved to be a true poet; and having become a monk, "exercised his gift" in versifying the bible. His learned brethren—for he himself could not read—taught him portions of sacred history, which he sang to them again in alliterative Anglo-Saxon verses. In this way he paraphrased a great part of the scriptures. A fragment of his paraphrase has been preserved; and it is remarkable that his narrative of the fall contains passages which closely resemble some parts of Paradise Lost.—R. M., A.
CÆLIUS, Aurelianus, a writer on medicine, supposed to have been born at Sicca in Africa, not earlier than the second century and not later than the fifth, belonging to the sect of the Methodici, so called from their adherence to the doctrine of Themison, which, on account of its simplicity as well as supposed excellence, was called the Method. This doctrine, which formed a sort of connecting link between that of the dogmatists, who held that the practice of physic must depend upon theory, and that of the empirics who relied upon experience, is described as having reduced all diseases to three kinds only, the strictum, the laxum, the mixtum, and as having rejected from the pharmacopoeia both specifics and purgatives. The work of Cælius, which consists of eight books—three on acute and five on chronic diseases—is a very barbarous translation into Latin of the writings of Soranus, a Greek physician of the time of Hadrian. It was first published at Paris in 1529. The last complete edition is that of Haller, 1774.
CÆSALPINUS, Andreas, or CÆSALPINO, Andrea, a celebrated Italian naturalist, was born at Arezzo in 1519, and died 23rd February, 1603. He studied medicine, and took the degree of doctor. He espoused the philosophical doctrine of Aristotle, and secured a great number of disciples, who listened eagerly to his prelections. His work, entitled "Quæstiones Peripateticæ," published at Florence in 1569, acquired great celebrity, and was attacked by various parties, who wished to bring the author before the tribunal of the inquisition. They failed, however, in their attempt. It is said that he was the first to give hints in regard to the circulation of the blood. He devoted attention to botany, and endeavoured to free the science from the dogmata and errors of the schools. He became professor of botany at Pisa. He proposed a classification of plants according to the nature of the flower, fruit, and seeds, and initiated a new era in the science. He made interesting and valuable observations also on the structure of the seed, and on the growth of the plant. In his work, "De Plantis," he divides the vegetable kingdom according to the duration of life, whether annual, biennial, or perennial, according to the situation of the radicle, the number of the seeds in the fruit, the form and nature of the root, and the absence of flowers and fruits. This system of Cæsalpinus, although imperfect, led the way in the advancement of botanical science. He devoted attention also to mineralogy, and proposed a system of classification of minerals. A genus of plants, Cæsalpinia, has been dedicated to him by Plumier; it is the type of one of the sections of leguminosæ. The herbarium of Cæsalpinus is preserved in the natural history museum of Florence.—J. H. B.
CÆSAR, a patrician family of the gens Julia. Sextus Julius Cæsar, (noticed under Cesar,) is the first of the Julii who is known to have borne the surname. "Clarum et duraturum cum æternitate mundi nomen;"—its origin is unknown. In the list of the famous "twelve Cæsars," more emperors are found who adopted it, than who held it of right. The family, indeed, went out with Nero. Notices of these emperors will be found under the appropriate heads of Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, Caligula, &c. &c.; but we have conceived that a memoir of "the great Julius" ought to be placed under that surname, which his deeds and genius rendered immortal.
CÆSAR, Caius Julius, born b.c. 100, was just eighteen when Sulla became master of Rome. Though descended from one of the noblest families, whose pedigree reached up to the kings of Alba Longa and to the goddess Venus, he was by birth connected with the popular party. Marius had been married to his aunt Julia, and he himself married, at the age of seventeen, Cornelia, a daughter of Cinna. He showed his spirit by refusing to divorce his wife at the behest of the dictator. His name was put on the list of the proscribed; but at the request of the vestals, Sulla granted him a pardon, though he foresaw that in this one Cæsar were hidden many Marii. Cæsar was serving in Asia Minor, where he distinguished himself by his personal courage on several occasions, when the news of the death of Sulla, b.c. 78, gave the signal of new commotion. He immediately returned to Rome, and began his systematic opposition to the aristocracy, in which he persevered, without the slightest
