his efforts to reach the Indies, trying a route to the northeastward: he explored parts of the sea lying between Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, but did not pass to the east of the last-named land. In the succeeding year, 1609, Hudson offered his services to the Dutch East India Company. Sailing, on the occasion of this, his third voyage, from the Texel, Hudson first directed his course towards Nova Zembla, but afterwards (by way of the Faroe Islands and Iceland) crossed to the western side of the Atlantic, and coasted the shores of America as far south as 35° 41´. Thence returning to the northward, he discovered the river which bears his name. He took his vessel up this river nearly as far, perhaps, as the present site of Albany, and explored it by a boat to a further distance. The Dutch shortly after built the fort of New Amsterdam, the nucleus of the present New York, upon the island of Manhattan, at the mouth of the river. Hudson's fourth and last voyage, 1610, was undertaken under the auspices of his old employers, the English Company. He sailed from the Thames in a vessel of fifty-five tons, with a crew of twenty-three men, to seek a passage to the north-westward. After passing successively the shores of Iceland and Greenland, he entered a strait leading to the westward, and conducting into an extensive inland sea. This strait and sea are the Hudson Strait and Bay of our modern charts. Hudson's own narrative does not extend beyond this point. He and his crew passed the winter on the shores of the newly-discovered bay, eking out their scanty stock of provisions by means of the birds which they were fortunate enough to kill. In the spring of 1611, preparing to return to England, a cruel plot was carried into execution by his mutinous companions, the chief instigator to it being a young man whom Hudson had befriended, and had charitably taken into his service. The mutineers, seizing the persons of Hudson and his son, together with a few others (nine in all, most of them lame or disabled from sickness), turned them adrift in an open boat, with only a small stock of provisions, a single gun, and a little ammunition. Nothing further was ever known of the brave English explorer, who must have perished miserably within the waters of the great sea which he had discovered. The mutineers ultimately reached home, after undergoing many well-merited sufferings; their leader having been killed in an encounter with some savages, on the coast near Cape Digges. Amongst them was Robert Bylot, who afterwards attained some distinction as a navigator.—(See Bylot.) The narratives of Hudson's voyages are found in Purchas.—W. H.
HUDSON, John, chief librarian of the Bodleian library, principal of St. Mary hall, Oxford, and the learned editor of the works of Thucydides, of Josephus, and of other ancient writers, was born in 1662 at Widehope, Cumberland. Having gained the rudiments of learning near his native place, he was admitted into Queen's college, Oxford, as a servitor at the age of fourteen. At nineteen he took the degree of B.A., and two years later that of M.A. In 1686 he became fellow of university college and a tutor of great reputation. In 1701, the year of his D.D. degree, he was elected keeper of the Bodleian library after a close contest with Wallis. His keepership of this famous library has obtained unusual notice through the ill-natured criticisms of Thomas Hearne the antiquary, to whom Hudson had been particularly kind, but with whom he subsequently had a desperate quarrel. Hearne, who was a staunch uncompromising jacobite, could not forgive Hudson for abandoning the good old cause in order to support the Hanoverian succession. The more pliable politician proved the more prosperous man, a circumstance that augmented Hearne's dislike. He contributed moreover to the exclusion of Hearne from his subordinate office in the library, and is set in a ridiculous light in the antiquary's oft-quoted description of his own dismissal. A partial reconciliation, however, took place between the severed friends, when Hudson, then principal of St. Mary hall, sent for the antiquary, complimented him on the merits and success of his publications, and gave him some notes for his William of Newbery's Chronicle. In his friendship with the famous Dr. Ratcliffe, Hudson was more fortunate than he had been in his connection with Hearne. It was mainly by the doctor's influence that Hudson was placed by the chancellor of the university in 1712 at the head of St. Mary hall. A still more important result of this friendship was the resolution which Hudson is said to have formed and fostered in Ratcliffe's mind to bequeathe to Oxford those ample benefactions which indissolubly connect the name of Ratcliffe with the university. In 1710 Hudson married a widow who, surviving him, married his friend, Anthony Hall of Queen's college. Mr. Hall published the edition of Josephus, which the editor did not live to see in print, and in the preface gave an account of Dr. Hudson. Hearne caustically remarked of this preface in a severe note, that there was not in it a word about Josephus, but much about Mrs. Hudson and her pretty little daughter. Hudson's learning and industry gave him a high place among the scholars of his time. His fame on the continent of Europe made him the correspondent of so many learned men, that he came at length to complain of the amount of foreign postage he had to pay, as being too severe a tax on literary eminence. He died of dropsy on the 26th November, 1719, in his fifty-seventh year, and was buried in the church of St. Mary's. For a list of his works, see Athen. Oxon.; Dibdin's Greek and Latin Classics.—R. H.
HUDSON, Thomas, was born in Devonshire in 1701, and was the pupil and afterwards the son-in-law of Richardson the portrait-painter and writer on art. Hudson succeeded to the connection and popularity of his father-in-law, and remained without a rival in London until the return of his own pupil Reynolds from Italy in 1752, when the palpable superiority of Reynolds, though not admitted by Hudson, forced the master to retire from the field and resign his place to his pupil. Hudson was of the Sir Godfrey Kneller school; and although he doubtless painted good likenesses, his manner was too dry to admit of his portraits being also good pictures. Many of his works have been engraved by the younger John Faber. His masterpiece is considered the picture of the Marlborough family, now at Blenheim; there is also a good portrait of Handel by Hudson in the Picture gallery at Oxford. He retired to his villa at Twickenham, where he possessed a considerable collection of works of art, which as well as the house he left to his second wife, previously a Mrs. Fiennes, a lady of fortune. Hudson died at Twickenham in January, 1779.—(Walpole; Northcote.)—R. N. W.
HUDSON, William, an English naturalist, was born in Westmoreland about the year 1708, and died in 1793. He became apprentice to an apothecary, and prosecuted the study of pharmacy. He devoted much attention to the plants used in medicine, and was led to take up botanical studies. He became eminent as a botanist; and in 1762 he published a work entitled "Flora Anglica," in which he arranged the plants of England according to the Linnæan system. He was a correspondent of Linnæus, and may be said to have made his system known in England. He was a fellow of the Royal Society. He devoted attention to entomology and malacology, as well as botany, and made extensive collections in these departments of science. In 1783 his herbarium and insects were destroyed by fire. He afterwards became connected with the British museum. Hudsonia, a genus of cistaceæ, has been named after him.—J. H. B.
HUERTA, Vicente Garcia de la, a Spanish poet, born probably in 1729; died in 1787. He was educated at Salamanca, and attained considerable renown as a leader of the reaction against the French school of poetry. He early obtained a post in the king's library, and afterwards in the office of the secretary of state; but some domestic difficulties occasioned him a long imprisonment, at the close of which he entered the household of the duke of Alva. He set himself resolutely to resuscitate the old national comedy in opposition to the critical efforts of Jovellanos, Forner, and Moratin; and a fierce literary controversy raged for many years. His own most famous tragedy, "Raquel," performed in 1780, is entirely in the style which he condemns; and others, including some on the model of the old Greek tragedy, are equally in violation of his own maxims. He published a collection entitled "Teatro Español," from which he excluded Lope de Vega, and the best of Calderon's heroic dramas, confining himself to the class technically known as de capa y espada, or those in which the scene is taken from the life of gentlemen and noblemen, as distinguished from historical or sacred subjects. The best modern critics, especially Bouterwek and Schack, speak slightingly of the influence of Huerta on the literary taste of his age, and consider that he was by no means the man to reinstate the old drama in its just position. The "Teatro Español," in 16 vols., 1785, is, however, an important work. His "Obras Poeticas" are marked by the bad taste of the preceding century. He must not be confounded with his brother Pedro, who was also an author.—F. M. W.
HUET, Peter Daniel, Bishop of Avranches, and well known for his philosophical speculations, was born at Caen on
