Latin is the language of the blessed in heaven. In three polemical pieces which he published under the pseudonym of Eugenius Lavanda Ninevensis (an anagram of Viennensis) in 1638-41, he replied to Schopp, or Scioppius, in vindication of the order of the jesuits, and their method of education. He was also the author of some astronomical works, and of several learned epistles addressed to Leo Allatius, librarian of the Vatican, who was his intimate friend. It was strange that he was also for a long time supposed to have been the author of an attack upon the jesuits—the Monarchia Solipzorum, published at Venice in 1645, written in barbarous Latin and abounding in humour, which was much read at that time. It has long been considered probable that the satire was the work of Julius Clement of Placentia, who published in 1646, with his name, a treatise—De potestate pontificia in societatem Jesu—which brings the same charges against the society, and in as bad Latin as that of the more celebrated Monarchia.—P. L.
INCLEDON, Charles, the celebrated singer, was a native of Cornwall, in which county his father is said to have been a respectable physician. As a musician he was almost uneducated, having spent a considerable part of his youth at sea; but he possessed a tenor voice of unrivalled beauty and power, and a genius which, with cultivation, would have raised him above every other English singer. He first appeared in London in the year 1790, in the character of Dermot in the Poor Soldier, and at once established himself in public favour. The style in which he excelled was the English ballad, and his favourite characters were those of the operas in that style, such as Macheath, Young Meadows, Belville, &c. When we say that his forte was ballad, we do not mean the modern class of whining sentimentality so called, but the manly and energetic strains of an earlier and better age of English poesy and English song-writing, such as Black-eyed Susan, and The Storm, the bold and cheering hunting song, or the love song of Shield, breathing the chaste simple grace of genuine English melody. On the stage his action was clumsy and awkward, and his elocution coarse and vulgar; but in singing, the effect produced by his voice, energy, and feeling, was irresistible. After enjoying for many years the unbounded favour of the public, he passed his latter days in retirement, and died at Worcester in February, 1826.—E. F. R.
INEZ DE CASTRO, crowned after her death queen-consort of Portugal, born about 1300, assassinated 7th January, 1355. The facts of her life are not easily separated from the romances which have gathered around the historical accounts. She was of a noble family, and was in the household of Constanza, wife of Pedro the Justiciary, infante of Portugal; and there is little doubt that the amours of the prince with her beautiful attendant were a source of grief, perhaps mortal, to his wife, who died 13th November, 1345, leaving a son Fernando three years old. The prince, then twenty-five years old, was urged by his father, Alfonso IV., to form some other alliance; but he steadily refused and was privately married, 1st January, 1354, to Inez, who had previously borne him three children. The king, dreading lest the rights of the legitimate heir might be prejudiced by the influence of the favourite, took counsel with three nobles hostile to the prince, Alvaro Gonçalves, Pedro Coelho, and Diogo Lopez Pacheco, who persuaded him that the death of Doña Inez was necessary to the security of the kingdom. Profiting by the absence of Pedro on a hunting expedition, the king, attended by his three evil counsellors, went to the convent of Santa Clara at Coimbra to carry out their resolution. The fortitude of Alfonso failed before the beauty of the intended victim and her three children; he withdrew from the convent, but his three attendants, already committed to their desperate undertaking, rushed in and despatched the unhappy woman with their daggers. The infante on learning what had happened, raised the standard of insurrection, and was only reconciled to the king by the entreaties of his mother and the banishment of the three culprits. By the death of Alfonso in 1357 Pedro became possessed of the supreme power. He obtained without difficulty from his relative, Pedro the Cruel of Castile, into whose states the three murderers had fled, the promise to surrender them. Pacheco escaped, but the other two were publicly executed with every mark of ignominy. Having publicly exhibited the proofs of his marriage with Doña Inez, Pedro caused her corpse to be disinterred, clothed in royal apparel, and duly crowned, and then transferred to a splendid mausoleum in the monastery of Alcobaca. The tragic story of Inez forms the subject of one of the finest episodes in the Lusiad; of a tragedy by Ferreira; and of a host of other works, both historical and dramatic, the mere catalogue of which would fill a volume.—F. M. W.
INFANTADO, thirteenth duke of, a Spanish statesman, son of the twelfth duke and of Maria Anne, princess of Salm-Salm, born in 1773, heir to a princely inheritance. In 1793 he raised a regiment at his own cost for the campaign in Catalonia, and subsequently laboured to better purpose in promoting the cotton manufacture of that province. He was the intimate friend of Ferdinand VII. when prince of Asturias; and among the charges brought against that prince in 1807 was a document appointing Infantado captain-general of the kingdom. On this occasion the latter narrowly escaped death through the intercession of the French minister, Beauharnais. In 1808 he gave his adhesion to Joseph Bonaparte, but soon afterwards called the nation to arms against France. Twice beaten before St. Sebastian, he escaped to England. In 1811 he was charged by the cortes with an extraordinary mission to the prince regent of England. On the restoration of Ferdinand he became president of the council of Castile, in reward for having joined the king with a body of troops. In 1820 he retired to his estates, and thence to Majorca. In 1823 he became president of the council of regency appointed by the French. In 1824 he was the head of the royalist opposition to the ministry of Zea Bermudez, and in 1825 became the head of a new cabinet. This administration, however, fell in 1826, and he retired to private life, residing at Paris and Madrid until his death in 1841.—F. M. W.
INGEGNERI, Angiolo, poet and courtier, born in Venice 1550; died probably not before 1613. Perhaps his best claim for remembrance is based on his friendship for Tasso, whom he received when a fugitive at Turin, and in the publication of whose works he was instrumental. His own productions were, however, not devoid of merit. Amongst them may be specially noted three books, "Del Buon Segretario," and "La Danza di Venere," a dramatic pastoral in the style of Tasso's Aminta. His patrons were successively D. Ferrante II. di Gonzaga, Cardinal Cintio Aldobrandini, and the dukes of Urbino and Savoy. D. Ferrante appears to have entertained for him a true friendship. He for a time constituted him ducal soap-boiler. They corresponded on affectionate terms, and once and again the duke ministered to the wants of the poet.—C. G. R.
INGELO, Nathaniel, D.D., a fellow of Emmanuel and Queen's colleges, Cambridge, in the seventeenth century. He published three sermons, and a religious romance entitled "Bentivolio and Urania," London, 1660. He died in August, 1683, and was buried in Eton college chapel.—G. BL.
* INGEMANN, Bernhard Severin, a distinguished Danish author, was born on the 28th of May, 1789, at Thorkildstrup in the island of Falster, where his father was parish clergyman. He received his preliminary training at Slagelse grammar-school, and in due time completed his studies at the university of Copenhagen. In 1811 he published a volume of poems which gained much popularity, and these were followed by a romantic epos, "The Black Knights," that added largely to his fame. With the latter work Ingemann might be said to close the first period of his poetical career—characterized by a proneness to look inwards instead of outwards—to contemplate rather the realm of the ideal than the aspects of actual life. He now directed his attention to the drama, and produced tragedies, such as "Blanca" and "Masaniello," which were of a high order of merit, and deservedly favourites on the stage. Nor was his epic and lyric muse meanwhile silent. In 1818-19 he visited Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy; and the fruit of his travels made its appearance in two volumes of poetical memorials. This second period in Ingemann's career of authorship evinced, unlike the first, a decidedly objective tendency. In 1822 he was appointed professor of the Danish language and literature at the academy of Sorö, and in 1842 a director of the same institution. During the last period of his literary activity he has penned some of his most popular productions; among others the four great historical novels—"Waldemar Seier;" "Erik Menved's Childhood;" "King Erik and the Outlaws;" and "Prince Otho of Denmark." In the voluminous works of Ingemann the true romantic tone is prevalent; and they are remarkable for their genuine poetry, deep religious feeling, and grace and purity of language. But it is as the creator of the historical romance in his native literature
