that Ingemann has mainly achieved renown; and the four noble compositions already quoted will remain a lasting monument of his genius.—J. J.
INGENHOUSZ, Johan, a celebrated physicist, born at Breda in 1730. After taking the degree of M.D., and practising for some years as a physician in his native city, he came to England with the view of acquainting himself with the Suttonian method of inoculation for the small-pox. In London he continued those studies in chemistry and electricity with which he had occupied his leisure in Breda, and soon attracted the notice of the most eminent English philosophers. In 1769 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society. About this time he corresponded with Franklin on the subject of electricity. Several of his letters are presented in the correspondence of the American philosopher. At the same time that he was rising to distinction as a philosopher, Ingenhousz occupied a respectable position as a physician. In 1772 he set out for Vienna to inoculate the imperial family, having been recommended to the Empress Maria Theresa by Sir John Pringle, then president of the Royal Society, whose friendship and patronage the Dutch philosopher had secured by his scientific attainments. In reward for his services the empress named him Aulic counsellor and imperial physician, and bestowed on him a pension of £600, which he enjoyed to the end of his life. During his stay at Vienna the Emperor Joseph II. showed a remarkable interest in his scientific researches, frequently invited him to the palace, and occasionally visited him at his own house. After an absence of several years, during which he visited Italy, France, and Germany, Ingenhousz returned to England where he again devoted himself to scientific pursuits. In 1778 he published in the Philosophical Transactions an account of an electrophorus which he had invented, and about the same time he made the discovery that plants exposed to the light while growing discharge oxygen gas from their leaves into the atmosphere. His researches on this latter subject he published in 1779, under the title of "Experiments upon Vegetables, discovering the power of purifying the air in the sunshine, and of injuring it in the shade." An electrical machine which Ingenhousz described in the Philosophical Transactions, 1779, probably led to the invention of the plate electrical machine. He published in English, a work entitled "New Experiments and Observations concerning various subjects," which was translated into French and German. In French, he published a work entitled "Essai sur la nourriture des plantes," an English translation of which appeared in London in 1798. He died on the 7th September, 1799.—J. S., G.
INGHIRAMI, Francesco, archæologian, born at Volterra in 1772; died at Florence on the 17th May, 1846. His father destined him for a naval career, and in 1785 entered him in the military college of Naples; but natural bias proved too strong for artificial training. In this very city at the house of his uncle Domenico Venuti, director of the Museo Borbonico, he found an atmosphere of art and a society of artists and antiquaries. After a while his father yielded; and Francesco adjourned to Florence, there to study under the noted Lanzi. In 1799 he removed to Pisa, where he exercised himself in painting and engraving. Afterwards, at Volterra, he was nominated custodian of the public library, and in that capacity had intrusted to him a precious collection of Etruscan antiquities. When in 1811 the cherished deposit was removed to Florence, he migrated with it, having previously by aid of an ingenious optical invention pourtrayed with the utmost exactness each object in the collection. For a time he acted as librarian in the Marcellian library; then, reverting to art, set up his Poligrafia Fiesolano, and published at this establishment his "Monumenti Etruschi o di Etrusco Nome." We may suppose that the misadventure nearly two centuries before of his ancestor, Curzio Inghirami, who had been duped by a spurious work on Etruscan antiquities, quickened his desire to produce a genuine work on the subject. His writings historical and archæological, in themselves a valuable library, include a history of Tuscany, incomplete though in sixteen volumes; he also edited the Notizie della Scultura degli Antichi, by his former master, Lanzi.—C. G. R.
INGHIRAMI, Tommaso, surnamed il Fedra or il Fedro, a distinguished orator and author in Latin, born at Volterra in 1470; died in September, 1516. His father, of a noble family, dying in 1472, the infant Tommaso was taken to Florence. At the age of thirteen, by the advice of Lorenzo de' Medici he went to Rome, where he applied himself diligently to the study of the ancient authors. The popes, from Alexander VI. to Leo X., honoured and protected him, giving him the rank of a prelate, and appointing him professor of eloquence, librarian of the Vatican (1510), keeper of the archives of St. Angelo, pontifical secretary, and secretary to the college of cardinals, &c. Erasmus, who knew him, styles him the Cicero of his age, and states that his eloquence in speech was still greater than in his writings; indeed, the latter are considered scarcely to sustain the high repute which he enjoyed. The Emperor Maximilian, before whom he pronounced an oration in 1493, created him Count Palatine and Laureate. He received the name of il Fedra from the success with which he acted Phædra in Seneca's tragedy of Hippolytus; or as other writers, not contemporary, affirm, from his having on the same occasion entertained the audience with extempore Latin verses when an accident to the machinery interrupted the performance. He died of disease brought on by a fright through having been thrown by a mule between the wheels of a cart drawn by buffaloes, although he sustained no actual injury from the accident. His published works comprise several orations, including a funeral oration for Pope Julius II.; a comment upon Horace's Poetics; and an "Introduction to rhetoric:" other writings remain in MS.—W. M. R.
INGLIS, Henry David, a miscellaneous Scottish writer, was the son of an Edinburgh barrister belonging to a good family, and was born in 1795. Through his maternal grandmother, a daughter of the celebrated Colonel Gardiner, he was connected with the Erskines, earls of Buchan. He was intended for a mercantile profession; but his love of travelling led him to visit many of the countries of Europe, and to become a writer of travels. His best work is "Ireland in 1834," which was welcomed by all parties as a volume distinguished by the soundness and accuracy of its views, its extensive information, and impartial spirit. He also wrote "Tales of the Ardennes;" "Solitary Walks through many Lands;" "Travels in Norway and Sweden;" "Tour through Switzerland, France, and the Pyrenees;" "Spain in 1830;" and "The New Gil Blas." Mr. Inglis was for a short time the editor of a newspaper at Chesterfield, and also in Jersey. He died in 1835.—J. T.
INGLIS, Hester, a lady celebrated for her skill in caligraphy, who lived in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James, and at forty years of age married Bartholomew Kello, a native of Scotland. Various specimens of her beautiful writing are preserved in the public repositories of England, and some in Edinburgh castle. In the Bodleian library are two MSS. written by her, one of which is entitled "Les Proverbes de Salomon; escrites en diverses sortes de lettres, par Esther Anglois, en Françoise: a Lislebourge en Escosse," 1599. Every chapter is written in a different hand, and the manuscript contains nearly forty different characters of writing, with curiously decorated margins.—G. BL.
INGLIS, Sir James, a Scottish poet, who flourished in the early part of the sixteenth century. According to Sir David Lindsay, he was the author of "ballads, farces, and pleasant plays," but none of these remain except, perhaps, a poem attributed to him in the Maitland MSS., and printed in the collection of Hailes and Sibbald under the title of "A General Satire." Inglis appears to have been on an intimate footing at the court of James IV. He was chancellor of the royal chapel of Stirling in 1527, and was soon after promoted to the abbacy of Culross. He was murdered in 1530 by the baron of Tulliallan. Some have supposed that Inglis was the author of the curious work entitled "The Complaynt of Scotland," which was published in 1549, and is the earliest prose work in the Scottish language. But of this there is no satisfactory evidence.—J. T.
* INGLIS, John, Right Honourable, Lord Justice-clerk in Scotland, is the son of the late Rev. Dr. John Inglis, of Old Greyfriars' church, Edinburgh. He was born in Edinburgh in 1810, and educated at the university of Glasgow, where he gained the Snell foundation, and proceeded to Balliol college, Oxford. At Oxford he took his B.A. degree in 1834, and the following year was called to the Scottish bar. Having risen to great eminence as an advocate, he was appointed, in Lord Derby's first administration, solicitor-general for Scotland, an office which he held from February to May, 1852, when he became lord-advocate, retiring from that position in the following December with the downfall of the Derby ministry. In the November of the same year he had received the highest honour in the gift of the Scottish bar—he was elected dean of the
