for the exigencies of the stage with which they are planned, all who know them must be ready to refute the allegation of his opponents, that he sacrificed the great essential of music, melody, to this design. We need but call to mind the last air of Orpheus after the death of Euridyce, and the air of Pylades, addressed to Orestes, to prove that he could produce melodies of most perfect beauty; and even these are as true to the requirements of their situation, as are the wildest passages of declamatory music he ever wrote. "Iphigenia in Tauris" remains a standard work upon the German stage, and has been more than once produced by German companies in London. "Orphée" was revived in Paris in November, 1859, where the sensation it created was such as to induce its reproduction at the Royal Italian Opera in London in 1860; and Mr. Hallé has lately given an English version of Gluck's five masterpieces at his Manchester concerts with success amounting to enthusiasm, in consequence of which an edition of the whole has been issued by a London publisher.—G. A. M.
GLUECK, Christian Friedrich von, an eminent German jurisconsult, was born at Halle, July 1, 1755. He devoted himself to the study of law in his native town, began lecturing soon after, and in 1784 was appointed to a chair at Erlangen, where till his death on the 20th January, 1831, he continued to discharge the duties of his office. He has secured himself a lasting fame by his illustrations of the Pandects, 1796-1830, 34 vols., continued after his death by Mühlenbruch and Fein.—K. E.
GLYCAS, Michael (Μιχαὴλ ὀ Γλυκος), a Greek historian. The little that is known of him is gathered from his own works, and especially from his letters on theological subjects published in the Deliciæ; Eruditorum, Florence, 1736. As the epithet "Siculus" is frequently applied to him, it is supposed that, if not a native of Constantinople, he was a Sicilian. His Βίβλος χρονικη, or "Annals," included in the Bonn collection of Byzantines, 1836, 8vo, has secured him a place among the most distinguished historians of the empire of the East. Commencing with the creation, it recounts the history of the world to the close of the reign of Alexis I. Comnenus, 1081-1118. From the date at which his "Annals" are concluded, it has been conjectured, with much probability, that Glycas lived in the twelfth century. It is extremely doubtful whether he is the author of the letters attributed to him, addressed to Constantine XII. There is a dissertation upon the date and writings of Glycas in Oudin's Commentarius de Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, Leipsic, 1722.—R. V. C.
GLYCIS, Joannes, a Byzantine ecclesiastic, distinguished himself in the close of the thirteenth century by his learning, his literary tastes, and his powers of oratory. The Emperor Michael Palæologus intrusted him with an embassy to Rome, and in 1316 he was raised to the patriarchate of Constantinople; but disease and old age compelled him to resign in 1320. His treatise on Greek grammar is the only work of his extant.—W. B.
GLYCON, a Greek sculptor of Athens, now of great renown as the author of the colossal statue known as the Farnese Hercules, which was discovered in the baths of Caracalla about the middle of the sixteenth century, and became part of the collection of the Cardinal Farnese. It was found without the legs between the knees and the feet, but the deficiency was supplied by Guglielmo Delia Porta, and so well that when the missing pieces were discovered it was thought not worth while to disturb Delia Porta's restorations. The statue remained in this state for about two centuries, when the collection of the Farnese palace was inherited by the Neapolitan Bourbons, and this Hercules was removed with the other works to Naples, and when placed in the Museo Borbonico in 1787 its original legs were restored to it. These had been given up by the Prince Borghese for the purpose. The statue is ten feet high, and on the support of the club is inscribed Glykon Athenaios Epoiei (Glycon of Athens made it.) The inscription is late, according to Winckelmann, who considers that Glycon must have lived in the time of the Roman emperors, being the contemporary of the sculptors of the Laocoon; yet this colossal figure is a copy or reproduction of an original work by Lysippus, as stated in the inscription of another inferior copy of the statue engraved in Bianchini's Palazzo dei Cesari. The same figure occurs also on gems and coins, &c. The god is supposed to be reposing after one of his great labours; the legs are very grand, but the muscles of the body and arms are excessive, and the head is very small, though expressive and characteristic; the hand containing the apples is new. There is a cast of this statue in the Royal Academy, London.—(Winckelmann, Werke, vi., Müller, Archäologie.)—R. N. W.
GMELIN, Johann Friedrich, the son of Philipp-Friedrich Gmelin, a German physician and botanist, was born at Tübingen in 1748, and died in 1804. He travelled in Holland, the Netherlands, Austria, and England, for a period of three years, and settled in his native city in 1771. In 1775 he was chosen extraordinary professor of medicine at Tübingen, and afterwards professor-in-ordinary at Göttingen, where he continued for thirty years. Among his works are—a "Treatise on Vegetable Irritability:" a "Glossary of Botanical Terms;" and "Enumeration of the Plants of Tübingen."—J. H. B.
GMELIN, Johann Georg, was born at Tübingen on 12th June, 1709, and died there on 20th May, 1755. His father was a celebrated pharmaceutist, and instructed his son in natural sciences. He prosecuted the study of medicine, and obtained the degree of M.D. in 1727. He then repaired to St. Petersburg, and in 1731 was elected professor of chemistry and natural history. In 1733 he undertook the duties of naturalist in a scientific expedition to Siberia, the results of which are given in his Flora Sibirica. He visited Tobolsk, the Irtisch, the country of the Kalmucks, the Oby, Lake Baikal, the frontiers of China, and the country of the Tongouses. He traversed the steppes of Tartary, and visited the country of the Bashkirs. After traversing the whole of Siberia, he returned to St. Petersburg in 1743, after an absence of ten years. In 1749 he became professor of botany and chemistry at Tübingen, and he continued to occupy this chair till his death. A genus of plants was named Gmelina by Linnæus after him. In his "Reisen durch Siberien, von dem Jahr 1733-40," he gives a full account of his travels. He also published several works on botany, as well as memoirs, which are inserted in the Transactions of the St. Petersburg Academy.—J. H. B.
GMELIN, Philipp Friedrich, was born at Tübingen in 1721, and died in 1768. He travelled in Germany, Holland, and England, and on his return to Tübingen was made professor of medicine, and afterwards of botany and chemistry. Among his works are "Otia Botanica;" dissertations on the applications of botany and chemistry to practical medicine; on the power of the mind over the nerves, &c.—J. H. B.
GMELIN, Samuel Gottlieb, professor of botany in the academy of sciences of St. Petersburg, was born at Tübingen in 1743, and died in 1774. He went to Russia in 1764, and was sent by the government on a scientific mission to Astrakan along with Professor Guldenstaedt. He visited likewise the countries in the vicinity of Persia, and the south and south-west of the Caspian Sea. On his return he fell into the hands of some of the hostile tribes near the Caspian, and among them he died. He wrote a "History of Fuci;" a "Dissertation on Cinnamon, Star Anise, and Asafœtida;" and travels in Russia. He also published the 326th part of the Flora Sibirica of his uncle, Johann Georg Gmelin.—J. H. B.
* GNAEDITSCH, Nikolai Ivanovitch, a Russian poet and translator, born at Pultawa in 1784, was educated at the seminary of his native town and at Moscow, where he was for some time employed in the government service in the department of education. The work by which he is best known is his translation of the Iliad into Russian verse, on which he expended the labour of eighteen years. He has also translated some of the poems of Byron, Chenier, Ducis, and Voltaire.
GNEISENAU, August Neidhard, Count of, a Prussian general, was born at Schilda, Saxony, October 28, 1760. His father, August Neidhard, an officer in the Austrian service, was in somewhat straitened circumstances, and the education of young August was therefore undertaken by his grandfather, a colonel of artillery. At an early age he entered the service of the margrave of Anspach, and was among the troops of that prince who were sold to the English government to fight against young America. Returned from the United States, he left the service of the margrave and entered that of Prussia, in which he became captain in 1789. He now, with great zeal, began the study of the military sciences, showing his capability, at the same time, in the organization of several battalions of troops of reserve in Prussian Lithuania. He distinguished himself, in 1807, as commander of the fortress of Colberg, which he held against an overwhelming French force. He was now nominated colonel of the engineer corps, and inspector of all the Prussian fortresses. This post, however, he did
