produced an immense effect, which did not soon come to a close, for it may be said to have determined the career of the poet Shelley, who was born the year before its publication. For long, different as were their temperaments and characters, Godwin occupied in England somewhat the same position which Rousseau had occupied on the continent. In the year after the appearance of the "Political Justice," he published his striking fiction "Caleb Williams," the object of which was to show, in the persecution of a servant by his master, how our institutions lend themselves to the legal oppression of the poor by the rich. "Caleb Williams" is still read, and probably will be read as long as English fiction survives, not for its social purport, however, but for its vivid and intense portraiture of incident and sentiment. The year 1794 was otherwise a notable one in Godwin's biography. Himself one of the most quiet and cautious of men; uniting the greatest sobriety and prudence of conduct to the most extreme of speculative opinions; always inculcating on the most ardent of his political friends the necessity of abstaining from violence in speech or act—he escaped being the object of any of the numerous prosecutions which the government of the day was in the habit of instituting against men of his stamp. In society unobtrusive and silent, his only dissipation a mute rubber at whist, Godwin was, by sentiment and sympathy, mixed up with the fiercest spirits of his time. When the hand of the law menaced his associates, he did not shrink from defending them, although he had done his best to dissuade them from an imprudent course of action. When, in 1794, Holcroft, Horne Tooke, Thelwall, Hardy, &c., were to be tried for high treason, Godwin stepped forward to aid them, and by his strictures on the charge of Chief-justice Eyre to the grand jury (published in the Morning Chronicle), he contributed powerfully to their acquittal. "The Enquirer," a series of essays, was the next of his works; it was published in 1797, the year of his connection with and marriage to Mary Wollstonecraft (see Godwin, Mary), whose daughter by him became the wife of the poet Shelley. In 1798, the year after his wife's marriage and death, he published her posthumous works, adding a memoir of their author, and in 1799 his second novel, "St. Leon," the only one of his fictions, save "Caleb Williams," which is still occasionally read. A visit to Ireland in 1800, where he formed a connection with Grattan and Curran, was succeeded in 1801 by a second marriage, and in 1803 by the publication of his "Life of Chaucer," the first of those biographies where, in the absence of materials for a life, the whole field of contemporary manners and history is explored and gleaned from. The "Life of Chaucer" was unsuccessful; so was his third novel of "Fleetwood," published in 1803; and the pressure of circumstances induced the author of a new social system to open a book-shop in Skinner Street, and, under the assumed name of Edward Baldwin, to write and publish innocent and instructive books for the young, which, in their tone and tenor, contrasted strangely with the reputation and literary antecedents of their author. For many years the current of Godwin's life glided on in laborious and tranquil obscurity, scarcely broken by the publication of a number of works, few or none of which attracted attention. His "Essay on Sepulchres" was published in 1808; his "Lives of Edward and John Philips," the nephews of Milton, in 1815; his fourth novel, "Mandeville," in 1816; his treatise on "Population," a reply to Malthus, in 1820; his "History of the Commonwealth," in four volumes, during the years 1824-28; a fifth novel, "Cloudesley," in 1830; "Thoughts on Man" in 1831; "Deloraine," another novel, in 1832; and the "Lives of the Necromancers" in 1834. Of these works, incomparably the most important is the "History of the Commonwealth," which occupied him for several years, and which was and remains a very valuable contribution to English history. To novel researches in the state-paper office, Godwin added almost the first exploration of the remarkable collection of King's pamphlets in the British museum, in which much of the story of the period lay buried. His quiet but earnest attempt, moreover, to rehabilitate in this work the puritan and republican heroes of the Commonwealth times, was more original then than it seems now, and has produced numerous later efforts of the same description. When the "Political Justice" is forgotten, the "History of the Commonwealth" will be held in grateful remembrance. The extreme penury which threatened, in spite of his literary industry, to oppress Godwin's latest years, was partially relieved by the bestowal, soon after the accession of Lord Grey to power, of a small sinecure (the yeoman-ushership of the exchequer) on the aged litterateur, who in his younger days had been noticed by Fox and Sheridan. With this post a residence in Palace Yard was connected, and there the author of "Political Justice" and "Caleb Williams" died quietly in his eighty-first year on the 7th of April, 1836.—F. E.
GOECKINGK, Leopold Friedrich Günther von, a German poet, was born at Gröningen, near Halberstadt, July 13, 1748, and died at Wartenberg, Silesia, February 18, 1828. He studied the law at Halle, and held important situations in the administrative service. He wrote poetic epistles, fables, epigrams, and songs, and edited several literary works.—K. E.
* GOEDEKE, Karl, a German litterateur, was born at Celle, April 15, 1814, studied at Göttingen, and then pursued a literary career at Hanover and in his native town. Besides some tales, he has published a number of anthologies and historical works relating to German literature, which are deservedly popular for their accurate learning and original research.—K. E.
GOENNER, Nicolaus Thaddaus von, a celebrated German writer on jurisprudence, was born at Bamberg, December 18, 1764. He studied at the university of Göttingen, and became state councillor to the elector of Bavaria. As such he took a leading part in the editing of a new code of criminal law for the country. In 1798 he was nominated professor of jurisprudence at Ingolstadt; and was raised to the rank of a noble in 1813. He died April 18, 1827.—F. M.
* GOEPPERT, Heinrich Robert, a professor in the university of Breslau, distinguished for his labours in vegetable physiology, and particularly in fossil botany. He has published many valuable works. Among these are—"On the Condition in which Fossil Plants are found;" "Systema Filicum Fossilium;" "De Floribus in Statu Fossili;" "Flora of the Tertiary Period;" "On Fossil Plants found in Amber and in Coal;" and "On the Development of Heat in the Living Plant."—J. H. B.
GOEREE, Wilhem, born at Middelburg in Zeeland in 1635; died in 1711; a learned bookseller, who himself was an author of some character. He wrote popular books on a great variety of subjects—architecture, painting, botany, medicine, Hebrew antiquities.—J. A., D.
* GOERGEY, Arthur, a Hungarian general, who, during the revolutionary war of 1849, divided with Kossuth the fame that accrued to the leaders in that remarkable struggle. He was born in January, 1818, at Topportz, an estate of his family, in the county of Zips in the north of Hungary. His family being of the protestant faith, he was sent to the Evangelical college at Eperies, where he made some progress in classical studies. In 1832 he entered as a cadet the military college at Tuln, and in 1837 was admitted into the Hungarian noble guard at Vienna. Five years later he became lieutenant in the Palatine hussars. He was on the point of being promoted to a captaincy when his father's death, and his own marriage with a French governess whom he met at Prague, made him resolve to quit the service. He withdrew into the country, and devoted himself to chemistry, in which he attained an extraordinary proficiency. In 1845 he went through the regular course of chemical study at the school of arts and at the university of Prague. In 1848 he solicited a professorship, and was promised one by the liberal minister Eötvös. In May of the same year he published a "Dissertation on Solid, Volatile, and Fat Acids from Cocoa-nut Oil," which was printed with the proceedings of the Vienna Academy. He was engaged in the management of the estates of one of his relatives, when the revolution broke out. His first offers of service were not ambitious, and pointed but indirectly to a military career. He sought the appointment of superintendent of a manufactory of detonators. He had, however, joined the militia at Pesth, and in the month of September was already major in the fifth battalion of Honveds. In October he was sent with his small contingent to the isle of Czepel, below Pesth, with orders to hinder, if possible, the junction of Roth's corps with that of Jellachich, both of which menaced the Hungarian capital. Here he committed himself thoroughly to the vocation of a revolutionist by hanging, after trial by court-martial. Count Eugene Zichy, who with his brother had been captured with proclamations of the emperor in his luggage. This terrible example had the effect of driving the wavering aristocracy of Hungary into the ranks of the insurgents; and it also recommended the young major to the notice of Kossuth and his colleagues. Görgey's military abilities soon began to display themselves. His advice and assistance enabled the corps of Perezel to operate with suc-
