cess against Roth and Jellachich, in spite of the general's blunders. The defence committee at Pesth now ordered Görgey to join the main body of the army which was commanded by General Móga. He witnessed the disgraceful flight of the patriots at the battle of Schwechat, and subsequently accepted from Kossuth the command of the defeated army. By skilful manœuvring he contrived to lead this disheartened force through the defiles of the Carpathians in the wintry month of January, and transfer it behind the safe line of the Theiss. At this juncture he announced his political principles as purely monarchical-constitutional in the famous declaration of Waitzen. On the 14th of February the army received a new commander-in-chief in the person of Dembinski. Görgey did not throw up his command, yet obeyed his chief with an ill grace; and when the miscarriage at Kapolna was followed by Dembinski's suspension, the chief command, after being held for a short time by Vetter, was restored to Görgey. He made good use of his reinstated authority, and rendered the month of April, 1849, famous in the national annals by a series of brilliant victories on the fields of Hatván, Isaszeg, Waitzen, and Nagy-Sarlo, and by the relief of Comorn. Despite his differences with Kossuth in political opinion, he accepted the office of minister-of-war. On the 4th of May he laid siege to Buda, which was taken after a severe struggle on the 20th. The inaction which followed these successes arose from divisions among the patriots. Kossuth's deposition of the Hapsburg family from the throne of Hungary displeased Görgey and many of his followers. The Russian intervention ensued. Comorn was again invested, and its outskirts retaken by the Austrians on the 2nd July. In this action Görgey was wounded in the head, and for three days was considered to be in danger. On the 13th July, however, in obedience to orders, Görgey left the place with his army in order to reach, if possible, the south of Hungary, and make a junction with Dembinski. In pursuance of this object, he performed one of his most extraordinary military feats by leading his army through a most difficult country held by hostile armies of superior strength from Comorn to Vilagos, a distance of nearly four hundred miles, in eighteen days. He came, however, too late. The battle he strove to anticipate took place at Temesvár on the 9th August, when Görgey was still thirty miles off. Dembinski was completely defeated, and the principal Magyar force dispersed. The consequences were decisive. In reply to Kossuth's demand as to what course he would take, Görgey said, "I will lay down my arms." The next day Kossuth and his colleagues formally transferred the supreme civil and military power to Görgey, and retired to the Turkish frontier. The new dictator exercised his authority by capitulating at Vilagos to the Russian general Rudiger. The desire not to prolong a useless contest was Görgey's avowed motive for thus surrendering a force of twenty thousand infantry, two thousand cavalry, and one hundred and thirty cannons. His principal lieutenants were hanged by the Austrians two months later. He himself was spared and relegated to Klagenfurth, where he returned to his old scientific pursuits, and also wrote for his vindication in German a work which appeared the same year in English under the title of "My Life and Acts in Hungary" in 1848-49, 2 vols.—R. H.
GOERRES, Jakob Joseph, born at Coblentz on the 25th January, 1776, belonged to a family engaged in commerce. He was one of those men whom it would be exceedingly erroneous and unjust to judge by the standard of external consistency. Throughout he was thoroughly honest, though the latter part of his life was spent in attacking those ideas and institutions which had at first been the objects of his warmest idolatry. His rich but turbulent imagination, and his impulsive, aggressive nature, drove him from the earliest period into paths of his own. The studies which he had begun at Bonn, with a view to medicine as a profession, were interrupted by the outbreak of the French revolution—the principles, or rather the aspirations of which, he embraced with passionate enthusiasm. He figured as advocate and propagandist of his political faith at clubs and popular assemblages. He also disseminated the revolutionary doctrines in pamphlets and periodicals, dealing about his blows with great force and marvellous impartiality. In 1799 he went to Paris at the head of a deputation intrusted with the singularly unpatriotic proposal of placing the German Rhenish provinces under the dominion of France. After three months of useless efforts and negotiations, Görres left the French capital in disgust. Disenchanted with politics, he, on his return to Coblentz, resumed his literary and scientific pursuits. He was appointed to a professorship of natural history and natural philosophy in the Coblentz academy. In 1806 he went to Heidelberg, where his intercourse with Arnim and Brentano immensely widened the range and changed the direction of his thoughts. He now sought the ideal of humanity—not in the future, but in the past. The middle ages became the home of his ardent fruitful fantasy; and he was recognized as a daring and successful leader of what has been called the romantic school. At Heidelberg he delivered lectures to numerous and applauding audiences. In 1808 we find him again busy at Coblentz with the duties of his former professorship. After many minor productions, he gave proof in 1810 of his genius, originality, and learning, by the publication of the remarkable book, the "History of Asiatic Myths," which, though far from being so important as the colossal work of Creuzer, yet stimulated, if it did not enlarge, the domain of mythology. What the Germans rather too pompously call the war of liberation, roused his fiercest energies. The Rhenish Mercury, which he edited from January, 1814, to January, 1815, was his weapon of battle. It soon became evident on the overthrow of Napoleon, that the German governments, after making lavish promises to the German people, meant to betray them. This signal and ungrateful treachery Görres denounced. The result was the suppression of the Rhenish Mercury, whereupon Görres changed his abode to Heidelberg. To his native town, however, in 1817, he returned. By a pamphlet, published in 1819, entitled "Germany and the Revolution," he offended the Prussian government, and the king of Prussia ordered him to be arrested. Görres fled as an exile, first into France, and then into Switzerland. From 1827 till his death on the 27th January, 1848, he resided at Munich. In the former year he had accepted the professorship of universal history, and of the history of literature, in the Munich university. In his youth Görres had been a fervent republican; in his manhood he fixed his hopes for Germany and the world on a species of transcendental constitutionalism; in riper years he was a fanatical ultramontanist—picturing eloquently humanity's salvation as possible only through a regenerated Catholicism. On many points he was mistaken; but in every region which he entered he toiled with transforming and renovating vigour.—W. M—l.
GOERTZ, Georg Heinrich, Baron von, a Swedish statesman, born in Franconia in the latter half of the seventeenth century, was intrusted by Charles XII., in 1715, with the difficult task of recruiting the financial resources of the nation, which were then completely exhausted by a series of disastrous campaigns. By augmenting the nominal value of the coinage, Görtz succeeded in replenishing the treasury; and the army and navy were put into a state of complete efficiency. This temporary prosperity was followed, however, by a fearful reaction; and to remedy the financial disorganization, Görtz was obliged to resort to measures which amounted to a virtual confiscation of private property. On the death of Charles shortly afterwards, this was remembered against him; he was arrested by order of the senate, all the calamities of the country were laid to his charge, and he was executed for high treason on 3rd March, 1719.—G. BL.
GOERTZ, Johann Eustach, Count of, a Prussian diplomatist, was born April 5, 1737, at the family seat of Schlitz in the grand-duchy of Hesse. Having studied at Leyden and Strasburg, he obtained at the age of nineteen a government appointment at Weimar, which he exchanged soon after for one at Gotha. In 1761 he was chosen tutor to the princes of Saxe-Weimar, from which duty he was only discharged in 1775, three months before the accession to the throne of his eldest pupil, Charles Augustus. In 1778 he was appointed minister plenipotentiary of King Frederick II. of Prussia at the court of Munich. The special object of his mission was to prevent the cession of part of Bavaria to Austria, in which he was so far successful as to induce the duke of Deux-Ponts, the heir-apparent to the crown of Bavaria, to protest against any alienation of territory. The consequence of this protest was the so-called Bavarian war of succession. From Munich Görtz was despatched as ambassador to St. Petersburg, where he remained for six years. Frederick William II. of Prussia continued to employ him, first as ambassador at the Hague, and afterwards in the same capacity at the German diet at Ratisbon. The latter post he filled from 1788 to 1806, during which time he took part in several important political transactions, among others the congress of Rastadt and the meeting for negotiating
