occasion of the investiture of a large number of our own and the French generals with the grand cross and other decorations of the bath. In 1857 he was created a knight of St. Patrick, and in 1859 a privy councillor of England. Lord Gough commanded in more general actions than any officer of the age, the duke of Wellington only excepted. He died on the 28th of February, 1869, in his ninetieth year.—J. F. W.
* GOUGH, John B., a temperance leader and "orator," was born in 1817 at Sandgate in Kent, where his father, a private soldier who had fought in the peninsular war, settled down on a small pension. His mother had long been a village schoolmistress, so that he received some sort of education, and his training for public life began early and oddly, in reading aloud for a stray shilling or sixpence the newspapers of the day to the quidnuncs of the Sandgate newsrooms. At the age of twelve he was consigned by his father to a person who offered to take him to the United States, to teach him a trade, and provide for him until he was twenty-one. The experiment did not prove successful, and at fourteen Gough repaired to New York to seek his fortune. He became a bookbinder, and an expert one, but according to his own account soon fell into dissipated habits—in fact became a habitual drunkard. After suffering the lowest degradation—moral, physical, social, and financial—he took the pledge and started on his career of temperance-apostle. His peculiar style of eloquence made him immensely popular in the States, and he even turned to rhetorical account a temporary lapse into ebriety, his confessions of his backsliding furnishing him with a new and telling theme for his so-called "Orations." After lecturing for several years with enormous effect in the principal cities of the Union, he visited England, and produced on some sections of the community as powerful an impression as on the audiences of his adopted country. In what may be called the politics of the temperance cause, Mr. Gough when in England sided with the party which seeks to carry out its principles rather by moral suasion than by the introduction of a Maine liquor law. There have been numerous issues of his "Orations," and he has told the story of his life connectedly in his published autobiography.—F. E.
GOUGH, Richard, one of the most eminent of British antiquaries, was born in London on the 27th of May, 1735, the only son of an opulent East Indian director, for many years M.P. for Bramber. The younger Gough's early education was a private one, and prodigies are related of his precocious zeal for literature. At the age of twelve and a half he had translated a history of the Bible, of which his mother printed a few copies for private circulation, and at sixteen he had completed for the press an elaborate geographical work on the world as known to the ancients, the plan of which was in some respects original, while its execution exhibited wonderful industry. At seventeen he became a commoner of Benet college, Cambridge, noted for its production of eminent British antiquaries. There accordingly, while applying zealously to the usual branches of academic study, he devoted himself specially to archæology, and seems to have planned his "British Topography." He left Cambridge in 1756, but, singularly enough, without a degree; and began a series of excursions in Great Britain, which lasted for more than twenty years, during which he amassed a large store of precise antiquarian knowledge, and made the personal acquaintance of the most zealous antiquaries of the United Kingdom. In 1771 his fame was so great that he was appointed director of the Society of Antiquaries; and three years afterwards, the death of his mother leaving him in possession of an ample fortune, he was enabled to indulge to the utmost his favourite tastes. He had published in 1768 his well-known "Anecdotes of British Topography," and about the same time he began a translation of Camden's Britannia, which in 1773 he determined on converting into a new edition of that famous work. It appeared in 1789 in three folio volumes, enriched by the results of his personal explorations and long studies, as well as by the revision and contributions of the leading local antiquaries of the kingdom. Three years previously, in 1786, he had published the first volume of his other great work, the "Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain applied to illustrate the history of families, manners, habits, and arts at the different periods from the Norman Conquest to the Seventeenth Century." What art as well as learning could do to make this magnificent work perfect was done; unfortunately its publication was terminated by the appearance of the third volume in 1799, leaving the sixteenth century unillustrated. After a long life devoted with rare singleness of purpose and munificence to his one engrossing pursuit, Mr. Gough died at his seat at Enfield on the 20th of February, 1809, to the deep regret of his friends and his dependants. He bequeathed to the university of Oxford, to be placed in the Bodleian, his books and manuscripts on Anglo-Saxon and Northern literature, with all his collections of every kind in the department of British topography, and other valuable archæological legacies. Among his numerous minor works or contributions to archæology and its literature, may be mentioned his history of the Society of Antiquaries prefixed to the first volume of the "Archæologia," published in 1770, and executed at the request of the president and fellows.—F. E.
GOUJET, Claude Pierre, born in 1697 at Paris; died in 1767. He was educated among the jesuits, and became a member of several literary academies, and one of the canons of St. Jacques de l'Hospital. He was a most industrious compiler of books, and at the close of his life had almost become blind from continual study. He collected a library of great extent, and chiefly valuable for the number of rare pamphlets which he had preserved. His supplements to Moreri's great dictionary, and an essay on the state of the sciences in France from the death of Charlemagne to that of King Robert, are his best known works.—J. A., D.
GOUJON, Jean, a celebrated French sculptor of the renaissance of art, was born about 1510. He was both architect and sculptor; and we learn from the translation of Vitruvius into French by Jean Martin, that in 1547 Goujon was architect to Henry II. In 1541 he was engaged at Rouen both at the cathedral and in the church of St. Maclou there; and he is supposed to have executed some of the sculptures of the monument raised by Diana of Poitiers to the memory of her husband, Louis de Brézé, and has the reputation also of having directed the execution of the well-known carved oak doors of St. Maclou. Goujon was engaged at the Louvre for many years, and he executed the sculptures of the Fontaine des Innocens. Considering the position so long held by Goujon, it is remarkable how little has been preserved relating to him. He is mentioned in seven consecutive years in accounts published by the Count De Laborde respecting works carried on at the Louvre under the directions of the architect, Pierre Lescot, from 1556 to 1562 inclusive. Goujon executed the sculptures of the façade of the court of the old Louvre; and the caryatides in one of the lower halls, still well preserved, are also by him. He was called the "Corregio of Sculptors;" but Parmigiano's taste is nearer Goujon's style of figure, which is unnaturally elongated. He was a Huguenot, and is said to have been shot, August 24, 1572, while at work in the Louvre, or on the scaffold of the Fontaine des Innocens. As, however, his name does not occur in the Protestant Martyrology of St. Bartholomew, this tradition is doubted.—R. N. W.
GOUJON, Jean Jacques Emile, a French astronomer, was born in Paris on the 31st of July, 1823, and died there on the 28th of October, 1856. Entering the observatory of Paris as a pupil in 1841, he obtained the appointment of assistant in 1845, from which he was promoted to that of astronomer in 1856. The most remarkable of his researches were those which had reference to the orbits of planets and of comets, published in the Comptes Rendus for 1846-49, and subsequent years. He discovered a comet on the 15th of April, 1849.—W. J. M. R.
GOULART, Simon, the successor of Beza in the presidency of the protestant church of Geneva, was a native of Senlis, where he was born in 1543. Having been early obliged to seek refuge in Geneva from religious persecution, he became a pastor there, but was allowed occasionally to minister to protestant congregations in France. He died in Geneva in 1628. He was a man of distinguished learning, and an author of uncommon industry; but most of his publications were translations and historical collections and compilations. The long list of them may be found in Senebier's Histoire littéraire de Genêve. One of the most interesting of his practical religious works was twenty-eight "Discours Chretiens touchant l'estat du Monde et de l'Eglise du Dieu," 1591. His collections of rare tracts and official documents in illustration of the religious and civil wars of France are highly valued. Of this kind are his "Memoires de la Ligue," Geneva, 1590-99; and his "Recueil des choses Memorables sous le regne des Roys Henry II." &c., 1598. He was also the author of important additions to Crespin's Histoire des Martyrs.—P. L.
