HAVILAND, John, the celebrated prison-architect of America, was born at Gundenham manor, near Taunton, Somersetshire, December 15, 1792. Having served his term as pupil under Mr. Elmes in London, and superintended the erection of a church and other public buildings designed by that gentleman, he in 1815 went to Russia, for the purpose of entering the imperial corps of engineers; but a more promising opening offering in America, he the following year proceeded thither. Here he quickly found the opportunity he sought. His first important work was the Western penitentiary of Pennsylvania at Pittsburg, a large and costly edifice, which he constructed on what is known as the radiating principle, a system more fully carried out by him in the Eastern penitentiary at Cherry hill. This principle had long before been tried on a small scale in Rome, and to a certain extent adopted in the penitentiary at Millbank, Westminster; but the credit of first fully and consistently developing its capabilities is undoubtedly due to Mr. Haviland. The results of the Pennsylvania prison form and system excited so much attention, that commissions were sent from several of the chief European governments to investigate them; and the reports were so generally favourable as to bring about a considerable modification in most subsequent erections of this class—our own "model prison" at Pentonville is an example. Mr. Haviland also erected penitentiaries for the states of New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Missouri; and state jails at Lancaster, Berks, &c. Important buildings were also erected by him in New York, Norfolk (Virginia), and Philadelphia. But he hardly acquired as much credit for artistic as for constructive design. He died at Philadelphia, March 28, 1852. He was an honorary member of the Royal Institution of British Architects.—J. T—e.
HAWEIS, Thomas, LL.B., an English clergyman of Calvinistic sentiments, who was born at Truro in Cornwall in 1734. In early life he was apprenticed to an apothecary, but he removed to Christ's college, Cambridge, and studied for the ministry. On taking orders he was appointed assistant to the Rev. Spencer Madan, chaplain of the Lock hospital in London. He was presented by Mr. Madan to the living of All-Saints, Aldwinkle, in the county of Northampton, which he retained till his death. The countess of Huntingdon was his friend, and not only made him her chaplain, but gave him the direction of her chapels and college. Mr. Haweis took a prominent part in the formation of the London Missionary Society, of which he was one of the first directors. He published "Sermons;" "Life of Romaine;" "History of the Church;" "The Evangelical Expositor;" "An Exposition of the Catechism;" "A Commentary on the Bible" (extensively circulated); and other works. He was rather useful than eminent as a writer, was a man of great zeal and piety, and greatly respected. He died in 1820.—B. H. C.
HAWES, Stephen, an English poet who lived in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. He was born in Suffolk, and after having been educated at Oxford, he spent some time in travel in France, applying himself to the study of French and Italian. On his return to England, his conversational powers and great learning, which a singularly retentive memory enabled him to use to the best advantage, brought him under the notice of Henry VII., who gave him an establishment in his household as groom of the privy chamber. He wrote many poems, of which "The Conuersion of Swerers," and "The Passetyme of Pleasure," are the best known. Warton erroneously assigns to him the Temple of Glasse, which was written by Lydgate. The dates of his birth and death are not recorded.—J. F. W.
HAWES, William, the philanthropical founder of the Royal Humane Society, was born at Islington on 28th November, 1736. He was educated at St. Paul's school, and afterwards apprenticed to a medical practitioner, to whose business he succeeded. In 1780 he obtained the degree of doctor of medicine. Previously to this he had attracted public notice by advocating the use of means for restoring persons taken out of the water apparently dead. The practicability of resuscitation, as it was called, was generally denied; but Hawes perseveringly made offers of a reward for every human body recovered from the water and taken to a place where he could examine it. He and sixteen friends held a meeting at the Chapter Coffee-house in 1774, and formed the Royal Humane Society, for which Dr. Hawes acted as treasurer to the end of his life. Dr. Hawes was the medical attendant of Oliver Goldsmith in his last illness, of which he published an account: He also published "An Address on Premature Death and Premature Interment," 1777, and in 1780 a somewhat caustic "Examination of John Wesley's Primitive Physic." In 1781 he lectured on "Suspended Animation." He died at Islington on the 5th of December, 1808.—R. H.
HAWKE, Edward, Lord, a distinguished English naval officer, was the son of a barrister, and was born in 1715. At an early age he entered the navy as a midshipman, and in 1734 was made captain of the Wolf. On the 11th of February, 1744, he commanded the Berwick, of 70 guns, under Admirals Matthews, Lestock, and Rowley, in the battle with the combined fleets of France and Spain off Toulon; and after a severe conflict captured the Spanish ship Padre, of 74 guns. In 1747 Captain Hawke was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral of the white, and on the 14th October of that year he attacked near the isle of Aix a French squadron consisting of nine ships of war under Commander L'Etendeur, acting as convoy to a fleet of merchant vessels; and after a fierce and protracted combat, which lasted during an entire day, captured six ships. For this gallant exploit Admiral Hawke was rewarded with the ribbon of the bath, and was returned to parliament by the borough of Portsmouth. Having been made vice-admiral of the blue, and shortly after vice-admiral of the white, he was appointed in 1756 to replace Admiral Byng as commander-in-chief of the fleet in the Mediterranean; but he arrived too late to succour Minorca. He compelled the French fleet, however, to take refuge in Toulon, and regained the mastery of the channel. In 1759 he was sent with a powerful fleet to cruise off Brest, and on the 20th of November came in sight, near Belleisle, of a French fleet under Admiral Conflans. A sanguinary encounter ensued, which terminated in the total defeat of the French, with the loss of six of their best ships. For this important service Sir Edward received the thanks of parliament, together with a pension of £2000 a-year. In 1765 he was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral of Great Britain, and was appointed first lord of the admiralty. He resigned this office at the close of the year 1770. In 1776 he was elevated to the peerage by the title of Lord Hawke. He died in 1781.—J. T.
HAWKESWORTH, John, a writer of the Johnsonian school, was born in 1715 or 1719. He succeeded Dr. Johnson as reporter of parliamentary debates for the Gentleman's Magazine. In 1752 he became a principal writer in the Adventurer, imitating closely the style of Johnson; and Herring, archbishop of Canterbury, was so pleased with his essays as to confer on him the degree of doctor of civil law. With this distinction he hoped to make his way as a pleader in the ecclesiastical courts, but was disappointed. Between 1761 and 1768 he published his tale, "Almoran and Hamet," an edition of Swift's works, and a translation of Fenelon's Telemachus. On the return of Captain Cook from his first voyage of discovery in 1771, the task of drawing up an account of the expedition was committed to Hawkesworth, the government furnishing and defraying the expense of numerous charts and engravings. The work was published in 1773, with the title—"Account of the Voyages undertaken by the order of his Majesty, George III., and performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, from 1764 to 1771." For its composition Hawkesworth received the large sum of £6000. Hostile criticisms are said to have hastened his death, which took place on the 17th of November, 1773.—F. E.
HAWKINS, Sir John, a distinguished naval officer, was born at Plymouth in 1520. His father, William Hawkins, had acquired high reputation as a seaman. At an early age young Hawkins, who had diligently studied the art of navigation, made several voyages to Spain, Portugal, and the Canaries. In connection with several other adventurers he fitted out a small squadron in 1562, with which he sailed to the coast of Guinea, and partly by force, partly by purchase, obtained a cargo of three hundred negroes, whom he disposed of on advantageous terms to the Spaniards at Hispaniola. This was the commencement of the nefarious traffic in slaves, which has been productive of so much crime and misery. Hawkins made a second voyage in 1564 with equal success. A third expedition was undertaken by him in October, 1566, with six ships, two of which belonged to Queen Elizabeth. One of his vessels was commanded by his celebrated kinsman, Sir Francis Drake. They succeeded in obtaining and disposing of a cargo of five hundred slaves; but on their return homeward they were attacked by a Spanish fleet in the bay of Mexico, and lost half their ships and many of their
